Teresa of Ávila

Что такое Абсолют? Существует ли Бог?

God is someone with whom one keeps friendship: a Trinity dwelling in the soul

Личный БогСказано прямо

For Teresa of Ávila, God's existence is not a matter for demonstration but for intimacy. Her work starts from Catholic faith and lives it as relationship: in the Book of Her Life she defines mental prayer as a friendly exchange, alone, with the One we know loves us. In the Interior Castle she describes a journey through seven dwelling places whose centre is occupied by God himself; in the seventh, the soul receives, by intellectual vision, the presence of the three Persons of the Trinity, who communicate themselves and remain there. This God knows, calls, hides and bestows; humility consists in «walking in truth» before the One who is supreme Truth. The Absolute is thus, for her, a personal and Trinitarian Thou, more intimate to the soul than the soul itself, never a faceless principle.

Кто я? Существует ли истинное «я»?

The soul is a diamond castle with God dwelling at its centre

Сотворённая бессмертная душаСказано прямо

Teresa of Ávila answers the question of the self with an image: at the start of the Interior Castle she proposes considering the soul as a castle made entirely of diamond or very clear crystal, with many dwelling places, at whose centre is the King. She laments that most people do not know who they are: they know their body and lineage, but not the dignity and beauty of their soul. To know oneself is therefore to enter that castle, and the door is prayer. The soul is created, unique and immortal, and called to a union with God that in the seventh dwelling places she calls spiritual marriage; even then, she insists, it does not cease to be a creature nor is it confused with God. Self-knowledge and humility go together: there is no true knowledge of oneself without looking at God, nor of God without knowing oneself.

Почему мы страдаем?

Trials purify the soul and prepare it for union

Отделённость от БогаСказано прямо

Teresa of Ávila does not write a theory of suffering, but she knows it closely: serious illness, opposition, her confessors' suspicions, dryness in prayer. She interprets it within Catholic theology: the soul estranged from God is scattered and suffers, and pain accepted with love purifies it and makes it like the crucified Christ. In the sixth dwelling places of the Interior Castle she lists the inner and outer trials that precede spiritual marriage — gossip, unsettling praise, illnesses, fears of being deceived — and presents them as preparation. In the Book of Her Life she records her plea to suffer or to die, which expresses not a taste for pain but a desire for union: if she cannot yet enjoy God, she wishes at least to share his cross. Suffering far from God is the penalty of one's own dispersion; suffering with Him is a path.

Что происходит после смерти?

Death opens true life with God, which the soul already longs for

Вечная жизнь и воскресениеСказано прямо

Teresa of Ávila thinks about death within the Catholic faith: judgement, purgatory, hell and glory, and the eternal life of the person before God. What is distinctive is the tone in which she lives it. In the gloss «I live without living in myself» death appears as the longed-for door to a higher life, and present life as exile: she dies because she does not die. In the Book of Her Life she recounts a vision of the place which, as she understood it, had been prepared for her in hell, and which led her to fear sin more than death; in other chapters she reports visions of glory and of souls rising to it. In the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle, however, the soul already united with God stops longing for death and accepts living in order to serve him: what is decisive is not the moment of dying but union, which death consummates.

Как достигается освобождение или спасение?

Union with God is a free gift; the soul must dispose itself with determination

Через благодать и любовьСказано прямо

For Teresa of Ávila, the end of the path is the soul's union with God, which in the Interior Castle culminates in the «spiritual marriage» of the seventh dwelling places. That union is not conquered: it is God's work, who enters the centre of the soul when He wills. What does belong to the person is to dispose herself: persevering prayer, humility, detachment and what The Way of Perfection calls a very determined determination not to stop until arriving. Teresa carefully distinguishes the «consolations», obtained partly by one's own meditative effort, from the «spiritual delights» or supernatural prayer, which are received. Effort prepares the ground, but the decisive step is always grace, and its proof is not ecstasy but love of neighbour and deeds.

Нужен ли учитель?

A learned, experienced confessor is a great help; a bad one does harm

Полезен, но не обязателенСказано прямо

Teresa of Ávila attaches great importance to the spiritual director, but from an ambivalent experience: in the Book of Her Life she recounts the years of harm caused by poorly instructed confessors, who reassured or frightened her without grounds. Hence her insistence, in chapter 13 of the Life and in The Way of Perfection, on seeking «learned» confessors, who know Scripture and doctrine, and if possible have experience of prayer. The human teacher guides, discerns and protects from deception, but does not replace the soul's personal relationship with God, who is the one who teaches in prayer. Teresa herself acted as teacher to her nuns, and her books were born as a response to that role.

Реален ли мир?

God is in all things, but the world passes: God alone suffices

Благое и реальное творениеСледует из учения

Teresa of Ávila does not elaborate an ontology of the world; her attention is on the soul and on God. What she does make clear is her framework: the world is God's creation, real and distinct from Him. In the Book of Her Life she recounts that it took her a long time to learn that God is present in all things by presence, power and essence, and that a learned man confirmed it to her. God also walks among the pots and pans, as she writes in the Foundations. At the same time, she shares the ascetic assessment of her age: the things of the world are fleeting and vain if sought for their own sake, and the little poem she kept in her breviary recalls that all things pass and God alone does not change.

Что такое любовь?

The important thing is not to think much but to love much

Любовь к Богу и ближнемуСказано прямо

For Teresa of Ávila love is the criterion of the whole spiritual life. In the fourth dwelling places of the Interior Castle she warns that the important thing is not to think much but to love much, and in the fifth she gives the proof that one loves God: love of neighbour, which cannot be feigned. In The Way of Perfection she devotes several chapters to love among the sisters, which she distinguishes from particular, possessive affection: true love wills the other's good and wills it for God. Her prayer is defined as friendly converse with one we know loves us, and in the Book of Her Life she recounts the transverberation, an angel wounding her heart with a dart of fire. Everything culminates in the spiritual marriage of the seventh dwelling places, which ends not in ecstasy but in works.

Свободны ли мы или всё предопределено?

The soul decides to enter its castle; grace does not cancel resolve

Подлинная свобода волиСказано прямо

Teresa wrote no treatise on free will, but her whole teaching presupposes it. In the *Interior Castle* the soul must want to enter itself, and the door is prayer; whoever does not enter stays among the vermin of the courtyard. In *The Way of Perfection* she asks her nuns for a «great and very determined determination» not to stop until they reach the spring, and in *The Book of Her Life* she recounts her years of lukewarmness as her own responsibility, not as fate. At the same time, everything decisive in the inner mansions is God's work: the soul disposes itself and He grants. Her position is the Catholic one of her time, lived rather than argued: grace does everything, and yet the person responds and can refuse.

Зачем медитировать или молиться?

Prayer is intimate friendship with the one we know loves us

Дружба с БогомСказано прямо

Teresa gives the definition this key would later borrow: mental prayer, in her view, is nothing other than an intimate sharing between friends, often spending time alone with the one we know loves us (*The Book of Her Life*, 8, 5). Prayer is neither a technique for emptying the mind nor an intellectual exercise, but a personal relationship with Christ, cultivated with perseverance even in dryness. In the *Interior Castle* prayer is the door through which one enters the soul, and the way through the mansions is the growth of that friendship up to spiritual marriage. She warns against confusing prayer with discourse: the important thing is not to think much but to love much. Its fruit is not a state but works, humility and service.

Может ли разум познать предельное?

Loving more than thinking, yet experiences are submitted to the learned

Вера и разум помогают друг другуСказано прямо

Teresa does not reason about the ultimate: she recounts it from experience. In the *Interior Castle* she says that in prayer the important thing is not to think much but to love much, and in the Fifth Mansions she describes union with God as a certainty the soul cannot doubt, though it cannot explain it. Yet she does not scorn theological reason. In *The Book of Her Life* (ch. 13) she praises learned confessors over those with half-knowledge, and again and again submits her visions to the judgement of theologians and the doctrine of the Church. Hers is the stance of a mystic who gives primacy to the experience of God, but trusts theological learning to discern it and avoid delusion.

Уйти от мира или преобразить его?

Martha and Mary must go together: the Lord walks among the pots and pans

Созерцание в действииСказано прямо

Teresa of Ávila lived in an enclosed order, and her reform of the Carmel sought precisely a stricter withdrawal: small convents, poverty, silence. But her life and her teaching belie the opposition between contemplation and action. She founded seventeen convents in twenty years, negotiated with nobles, bishops and Philip II himself, travelled the roads of Castile and Andalusia and left in the Book of the Foundations a chronicle of dealings, lawsuits and house purchases. There she consoles nuns busy with domestic tasks by reminding them that the Lord walks among the pots and pans. In the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle she concludes that union with God has works as its end, and that Martha and Mary must go together to give the Lord lodging. The highest contemplation, for her, is proven in service, not in flight.

Ávila, Alba de Tormes, Medina del Campo, Toledo, Sevilla y otras fundaciones · España

Footprints of Teresa: network of Teresian cities

Red de Ciudades Teresianas de España – Huellas de Teresa

Footprints of Teresa is the network linking the cities where Teresa of Jesus founded her reformed convents, from Ávila, where she was born and opened San José, to Alba de Tormes, where she died and is buried, by way of Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Segovia, Salamanca, Toledo, Pastrana, Caravaca de la Cruz, Beas de Segura and Seville. It grew out of the fifth centenary of her birth and offers a self-guided route through the heritage linked to the saint, with an interactive map, an app and a virtual tour. It is the most faithful way to follow the travels of a woman who called herself a wanderer of God.

Alba de Tormes, Salamanca · España

Alba de Tormes: tomb of Saint Teresa

Carmelitas Descalzas de la Anunciación (información: Turismo de Castilla y León)

In the convent of the Annunciation at Alba de Tormes, the eighth foundation of Teresa of Jesus, the saint died in October 1582, and her body and principal relics rest there. The church of the Discalced Carmelite nuns keeps her tomb above the high altar, and a Teresian museum completes the site. Alba is the natural end point of any Teresian pilgrimage and the destination of the route linking it with Ávila, known as from the cradle to the tomb. Visiting information is published by the official tourism body of the Castilla y León regional government, which should be checked before travelling.

Ávila, Castilla y León · España

CITeS – University of Mysticism, Ávila

Centro Internacional Teresiano Sanjuanista (Carmelitas Descalzos)

The International Teresian-Sanjuanist Centre, known as the University of Mysticism, was established by the Discalced Carmelite Order in 1986 in Ávila, the birthplace of Teresa of Jesus. It is devoted to the study and dissemination of the teaching of Teresa and John of the Cross, and hosts summer courses, gatherings, specialisation programmes and a master's degree run with a partner university, both in person and online. It has also promoted dialogue between Christian mysticism and other traditions. Its website sometimes rejects automated requests, but it is the centre's official site.