Christianisme · Mystique chrétienne · Catholicisme

Teresa of Ávila

1515 – 1582Personne historiquement documentée

Carmélite, écrivain et fondatrice castillane (1515-1582). Après vingt ans de tiédeur au couvent de l'Incarnation, une conversion à trente-neuf ans la conduisit à une vie mystique intense et à la réforme du Carmel : elle fonda dix-sept couvents de déchaussées et, avec Jean de la Croix, la branche masculine. Ses livres — le Livre de la vie, le Chemin de perfection, le Château intérieur, les Fondations — et ses lettres sont un sommet de la prose castillane et une carte de l'oraison comme amitié. Canonisée en 1622, elle fut la première femme proclamée docteur de l'Église (1970).

Lire sa vie L'interroger

œuvres: 17œuvres
éditions: 36éditions
citations: 9citations
vidéos: 11vidéos
images: 6images

Retrato de Santa Teresa de Jesús por fray Juan de la Miseria (1576) · CC BY-SA 4.0

Dans ses propres mots

«Let nothing disturb you, let nothing frighten you; all things pass away, God does not change; patience obtains everything; whoever has God lacks nothing: God alone suffices.»

Poesías, letrilla hallada en su breviario («Nada te turbe»)

Pour commencer, une œuvre

The Book of Her Life

Lire le texte intégral

Son idée centrale

Prayer as friendship: Teresa defines mental prayer, in Life 8,5, as 'an intimate sharing between friends, taking time frequently to be alone with him who we know loves us'.

Le voir en contexte

Biographie

6 min de lecture

Traduction assistée à partir de l'original espagnol, en attente de relecture par un traducteur natif.

Une hidalga d'Ávila au sang à rebrousse-poil

Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada naquit le 28 mars 1515 à Ávila, dans une maison d'hidalgos de fraîche date dont la respectabilité reposait sur un silence. Son grand-père paternel, Juan Sánchez de Toledo, marchand de draps, avait été réconcilié par l'Inquisition de Tolède en 1485 comme judaïsant, puis avait acheté, par son installation à Ávila et un procès en noblesse, l'oubli de ce sanbenito. Thérèse n'en écrivit jamais rien ; les documents ne refirent surface qu'au XXe siècle, et ils obligent à lire sa vie sous un autre jour : celui d'une femme qui apprit tôt ce que valait l'honneur en Castille et ce qu'il en coûtait de le préserver.

Elle fut la troisième des enfants qu'Alonso Sánchez de Cepeda eut de sa seconde épouse, Beatriz de Ahumada, dans une fratrie de douze. De la maison paternelle, elle se souvient, dans le Livre de la vie, des romans de chevalerie lus en cachette avec sa mère et d'une dévotion précoce qui la poussa, vers l'âge de sept ans, à s'enfuir avec son frère Rodrigo vers la terre des Maures pour s'y faire décapiter pour le Christ. Un oncle les ramena à la maison. L'épisode, qu'elle raconte elle-même avec ironie, donne déjà le ton de toute une vie : le désir sans mesure, et la faculté d'en rire.

L'Incarnation et la longue maladie

La mort de sa mère en 1528 et une adolescence qu'elle jugea frivole conduisirent son père à la placer en 1531 au collège des augustines de Santa María de Gracia. C'est là que germa, sans vocation bien nette, l'idée du couvent. Le 2 novembre 1535, elle entra au monastère carmélite de l'Incarnation, hors les murs d'Ávila, contre la volonté de son père ; elle fit profession en novembre 1537. L'Incarnation était alors une communauté nombreuse et pauvre, à la clôture relâchée, où les religieuses recevaient des visites et où les mieux nées disposaient de cellules spacieuses et de servantes.

Presque aussitôt, elle tomba malade. En 1538 et 1539, elle chercha la guérison à Becedas et chez sa sœur, traversa une crise de quatre jours au cours de laquelle on la crut morte — on alla jusqu'à ouvrir sa tombe — et demeura paralysée près de trois ans. Pendant cette convalescence, elle lut le Troisième abécédaire spirituel de Francisco de Osuna, qui lui enseigna l'oraison de recueillement. Pendant près de vingt ans, pourtant, elle vécut ce qu'elle appelle sa « mer orageuse » : une oraison intermittente, le parloir, des amitiés qui la dispersaient, et le sentiment de trahir quelque chose qu'elle ne savait pas encore nommer.

La conversion et le scandale des visions

Au carême de 1554, devant une image du Christ « couvert de plaies » qu'on avait apportée à l'Incarnation, elle s'effondra. Elle avait trente-neuf ans. Dès lors, son oraison devint « surnaturelle » : quiétude, union, ravissements, paroles intérieures, visions intellectuelles du Christ. Dans une Castille fraîchement alarmée par l'illuminisme des alumbrados et par l'Index de 1559, qui retirait de la circulation les livres spirituels en langue vulgaire, une religieuse vivant de telles expériences posait problème. Ses confesseurs la crurent abusée ; certains lui ordonnèrent de « faire la figue » aux visions. Ce furent de jeunes jésuites — Diego de Cetina, Juan de Prádanos, Baltasar Álvarez — et le franciscain Pierre d'Alcantara qui la rassurèrent et lui apprirent le discernement.

De ces années date l'expérience que la postérité a nommée transverbération : un ange lui transperçant le cœur d'un dard d'or, épisode rapporté au chapitre 29 de la Vie et sculpté dans le marbre par le Bernin un siècle plus tard. Thérèse le raconte avec ce mélange de précision et de pudeur qui est sa signature d'écrivain.

Saint-Joseph et la « réforme »

Avec un petit groupe d'amies et l'appui de l'évêque Álvaro de Mendoza, Thérèse fonda le 24 août 1562 le couvent de Saint-Joseph d'Ávila : treize religieuses, sans rentes, en habit de bure, chaussées d'espadrilles — d'où le nom de déchaussées — et soumises à la Règle primitive du Carmel. La ville s'émut — un conseil ouvert se réunit contre la fondation — et la prieure de l'Incarnation la rappela. Elle tint bon. Les cinq années de Saint-Joseph furent, dit-elle, les plus paisibles de sa vie ; elle y écrivit la Vie dans ses deux rédactions (1562 et 1565), le Chemin de perfection et les premières Constitutions.

En 1567, le général de l'ordre, Giovanni Battista Rossi — Rubeo pour les Espagnols —, visita Ávila, approuva ce qu'il vit et l'autorisa à fonder d'autres couvents de religieuses et deux de frères. Commença alors la Thérèse « vagabonde » : Medina del Campo (août 1567), où elle fit la connaissance d'un jeune frère, Juan de Yepes, bientôt Jean de la Croix ; Malagón, Valladolid, Tolède, Pastrana, Salamanque, Alba de Tormes, Ségovie, Beas, Séville, Caravaca. Elle voyageait en chariots bâchés, par la canicule et sous la neige, négociant maisons, rentes et licences avec une habileté que ses lettres montrent sans fard. De 1571 à 1574, sur ordre du visiteur apostolique, elle fut en outre prieure de l'Incarnation, la maison même qui avait voulu la retenir.

Procès, dénonciations et le Château

Rien de tout cela ne fut paisible. En 1575, la Vie fut dénoncée à l'Inquisition de Séville par une ancienne novice, et le manuscrit resta sous séquestre au Conseil du Saint-Office jusqu'après sa mort ; Domingo Báñez le défendit par écrit et l'approuva. La même année, le chapitre général de Plaisance ordonna qu'elle se retire dans un couvent et cesse de fonder. Le nonce Filippo Sega, selon ce qu'a transmis la première génération de ses biographes, la traita de « femme inquiète et vagabonde ». En 1577-1578, Jean de la Croix fut enlevé et emprisonné à Tolède par les carmes chaussés. C'est alors, à Tolède et à Ávila, entre juin et novembre 1577, qu'elle écrivit d'un seul élan les Demeures ou Château intérieur, son livre le plus serein et le plus architectural, qui décrit l'âme comme un château de diamant aux sept demeures concentriques.

La séparation juridique des déchaussés vint avec le bref Pia consideratione de Grégoire XIII (22 juin 1580) et le chapitre d'Alcalá de 1581. Thérèse, déjà malade et âgée, reprit les chemins : Villanueva de la Jara, Palencia, Soria et, à l'hiver 1582, Burgos, sa dernière fondation, dans une ville inondée et sous un archevêque réticent.

Alba de Tormes

Sur le chemin du retour, le vicaire provincial la détourna vers Alba de Tormes pour complaire à la duchesse. Elle y arriva épuisée le 20 septembre 1582. Elle mourut le 4 octobre, entre neuf et dix heures du soir, dans les bras de son infirmière et secrétaire Ana de San Bartolomé, répétant — selon les témoignages des religieuses présentes, recueillis lors des procès — qu'elle mourait fille de l'Église. Le lendemain entrait en vigueur la réforme grégorienne du calendrier, et le 5 octobre devint le 15 : c'est pourquoi sa fête se célèbre ce jour-là.

Luis de León prépara la première édition de ses œuvres (Salamanque, 1588). Elle fut béatifiée en 1614, canonisée le 12 mars 1622 en même temps qu'Ignace de Loyola, François Xavier, Isidore le Laboureur et Philippe Neri, et proclamée docteur de l'Église par Paul VI le 27 septembre 1970 — la première femme à recevoir ce titre.

Ce qui demeure

Il demeure d'abord une prose. Thérèse écrivait comme elle parlait, avec des digressions, des « je ne sais si je me fais comprendre », des métaphores de jardin, d'eau et de marmites, et cette oralité était une stratégie : celle d'une femme sans latin, fille de convertis, qui devait paraître inoffensive pour pouvoir dire ce qu'elle disait. Il demeure une doctrine de l'oraison comme amitié, une topographie de l'intériorité humaine que la psychologie moderne n'a cessé de lire, et un réseau de dix-sept couvents de religieuses ainsi qu'un ordre de frères qui la reconnaissent pour mère. Et il demeure une figure que la culture espagnole s'est disputée : patronne des écrivains, symbole national au XXe siècle, féministe avant la lettre pour les uns, sainte baroque pour les autres. Elle qui demandait à ses filles d'avoir des « âmes viriles » et prévenait que « l'essentiel n'est pas de beaucoup penser, mais de beaucoup aimer » aurait ri de la plupart de ces étiquettes.

Sources: Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996). · Teresa de Jesús. Obras completas. Transcripción, introducciones y notas de Efrén de la Madre de Dios y Otger Steggink. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1962 (ediciones posteriores revisadas). · Teresa de Jesús. Obras completas. Edición de Tomás Álvarez. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 2006 (col. Maestros Espirituales Carmelitas). ISBN 9788472398948. · Teresa of Avila. The Collected Works of St. Teresa of Avila. Translated by Kieran Kavanaugh, O.C.D., and Otilio Rodriguez, O.C.D. 3 vols. Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications, 1976–1985 (reed. 2011). · Ana de San Bartolomé. Obras completas. Edición de Julián Urkiza, O.C.D. 2 vols. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 1998–1999 (incluye la Autobiografía con el relato de la última enfermedad y muerte de Teresa). Trad. inglesa: Autobiography and Other Writings, ed. Darcy Donahue, University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Chronologie

La vie, année après année

Chaque point est un événement documenté. Cliquez pour le lire, avec sa source et son degré de certitude.

15151532154915651582

28 mars 15150 ansÁvila

Birth

Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada is born to Alonso Sánchez de Cepeda and Beatriz de Ahumada. The family is of recent hidalgo status and converso descent on the father's side.

DocumentéEfrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).

Après sa mort

1588First edition of her works
12 mars 1622Canonisation
27 septembre 1970Doctor of the Church

28 mars 1515 · 0 ans
Birth
Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada is born to Alonso Sánchez de Cepeda and Beatriz de Ahumada. The family is of recent hidalgo status and converso descent on the father's side.
Documenté
v. 1522 · 7 ans
The flight towards martyrdom
At about seven she runs away with her brother Rodrigo towards the land of the Moors to be martyred; an uncle brings them back. She tells it herself in Life 1,4.
Documenté
1528 · 13 ans
Death of her mother
Beatriz de Ahumada dies. Teresa, an adolescent, entrusts herself to the Virgin as her mother (Life 1,7).
Documenté
1531 · 16 ans
Boarder at Santa María de Gracia
Her father places her with the Augustinian nuns of Santa María de Gracia, where the idea of religious life takes root.
Documenté
2 novembre 1535 · 20 ans
Enters the Incarnation
She enters the Carmelite monastery of the Incarnation against her father's wishes. She makes her profession in November 1537.
Documenté
août 1539 · 24 ans
The paroxysm that left her for dead
After treatment in Becedas she suffers a four-day attack during which she is taken for dead; she remains crippled for nearly three years. During convalescence she reads Osuna's Third Alphabet.
Documenté
1554 · 39 ans
The 'conversion' before the wounded Christ
In Lent, before an image of a much-wounded Christ, the definitive turn of her life of prayer takes place (Life 9).
Documenté
v. 1560 · 45 ans
The transverberation
Experience of the angel piercing her heart with a golden dart (Life 29,13), dated by biographers to about 1560.
Probable
24 août 1562 · 47 ans
Foundation of Saint Joseph's, Ávila
The first convent of Discalced Carmelite nuns is founded, without endowment and under the primitive Rule. The city opposes it in open council. That year she finishes the first redaction of the Life.
Documenté
1565 · 50 ans
Second redaction of the Life
She completes the definitive redaction of the Book of Her Life at her confessors' request; shortly afterwards she writes the Way of Perfection.
Documenté
15 août 1567 · 52 ans
Second foundation and meeting with John of the Cross
With the general Rubeo's licence she founds at Medina del Campo. There she meets Friar Juan de Santo Matía (John of the Cross), whom she wins over to the Discalced.
Documenté
1571 – 1574 · 56 ans
Prioress of the Incarnation
The apostolic visitor imposes her as prioress of the Incarnation (1571–1574), with John of the Cross as confessor of the community.
Documenté
1575 · 60 ans
Denunciation to the Inquisition and order of confinement
The Book of Her Life is denounced to the Inquisition of Seville and impounded; the general chapter of Piacenza orders her confinement to a convent.
Documenté
2 juin 1577 · 62 ans
The Interior Castle
Between 2 June and 29 November she writes the Interior Castle. In December John of the Cross is imprisoned in Toledo by the Calced friars.
Documenté
22 juin 1580 · 65 ans
Separation of the Discalced
Gregory XIII's brief Pia consideratione erects the Discalced as a separate province; the chapter of Alcalá (1581) carries it out.
Documenté
avril 1582 · 67 ans
Last foundation
She founds at Burgos, her seventeenth convent of nuns, after a winter of floods and resistance from the archbishop.
Documenté
4 octobre 1582 · 67 ans
Death
She dies in the convent of Alba de Tormes, in the arms of Ana de San Bartolomé. The next day the Gregorian calendar comes into force (5 October becomes 15 October).
Documenté
1588
First edition of her works
Fray Luis de León edits Los libros de la Madre Teresa de Jesús (Salamanca, Guillermo Foquel), with the Life, the Way and the Castle.
Documenté
12 mars 1622
Canonisation
Gregory XV canonises her together with Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Isidore the Labourer and Philip Neri. She had been beatified in 1614.
Documenté
27 septembre 1970
Doctor of the Church
Paul VI proclaims her a Doctor of the Universal Church: the first woman to receive the title.
Documenté

Œuvres

Œuvres essentielles

Les œuvres sans lesquelles on ne comprend pas son héritage.

Œuvre écrite · 1565

The Book of Her Life

Libro de la vida

An autobiographical account in forty chapters: childhood, illness, twenty lukewarm years at the Incarnation, the conversion of 1554 and, at its centre, a treatise on prayer set out through the allegory of the 'four waters' used to irrigate a garden (chs. 11–22). The second part describes the 'favours' (locutions, visions, raptures, the transverberation) with unusual phenomenological precision, always under the gaze of the confessors who would read it. It is at once confession, a defence against the suspicion of Illuminism, and the first great work of autobiographical prose in Castilian.

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5 éditions · amazon.com

Œuvre écrite · v. 1566

The Way of Perfection

Camino de perfección

Written for the thirteen nuns of Saint Joseph's in Ávila, who asked her to speak to them about prayer. It begins with the three virtues that make community life possible (mutual love, detachment, humility) and flows into a commentary on the Lord's Prayer, petition by petition, which is in fact a treatise on the prayer of recollection and quiet. It is her most pedagogical and direct book, with its famous demand for a 'determined determination' (ch. 21) not to abandon the way.

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3 éditions · amazon.com

Œuvre écrite · 1577

The Interior Castle (The Mansions)

Castillo interior o Las moradas

Her mature masterpiece. The soul is a castle of diamond with seven concentric dwelling places; in the centre the King dwells. The first three describe ordinary ascetic life; the fourth, the threshold of the supernatural (prayer of quiet, 'spiritual delights' versus 'consolations'); the fifth, union; the sixth, betrothal with its trials, raptures and wounds of love; the seventh, spiritual marriage, where contemplation issues in works: 'this is what prayer is for'. It is the most influential map of the inner life written in Castilian.

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2 éditions · amazon.com

Œuvre écrite · 1582

The Book of the Foundations

Libro de las fundaciones

A chronicle of the foundations from Medina to Burgos, with portraits of nuns, benefactors and adversaries, negotiations over houses and incomes, journeys by cart and episodes of humour. It interleaves doctrinal chapters on obedience, melancholy in convents and the discernment of revelations. It is the principal source for the history of the Teresian reform and a first-rate document of urban and ecclesiastical life in Philip II's Castile. It contains the phrase about the Lord who 'walks among the pots and pans' (5,8).

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3 éditions · amazon.es

Toute son œuvre (17)

Citations

Citations localisées dans une œuvre précise. Chacune porte sa provenance et son degré de fiabilité.

Let nothing disturb you, let nothing frighten you; all things pass away, God does not change; patience obtains everything; whoever has God lacks nothing: God alone suffices.

Nada te turbe, / nada te espante, / todo se pasa, / Dios no se muda; / la paciencia / todo lo alcanza; / quien a Dios tiene / nada le falta: / solo Dios basta.

VérifiéePoesías, letrilla hallada en su breviario («Nada te turbe»)

1 / 9

Citations apocryphes ou d'attribution contestée (2)

«This is how I treat my friends. — That is why you have so few.»
Dialogue with God after a fall into the mud; it appears in no work, letter or sixteenth-century testimony. See the corresponding anecdote.
«More tears are shed over answered prayers than unanswered ones.»
Modern attribution with no source in the Teresian corpus; the phrase has circulated in English since the twentieth century and seems to derive from the novel Mr. Blue (Myles Connolly, 1928) or its later diffusion.

Dernières paroles

Récit postérieur de témoins

«In the end, Lord, I am a daughter of the Church.»

En fin, Señor, soy hija de la Iglesia.

Teresa died at Alba de Tormes on 4 October 1582 in the arms of Ana de San Bartolomé, her nurse and secretary, who recounted the last illness and death in her Autobiography (ed. Urkiza) and later testified in the beatification processes. According to those testimonies, in her final hours she repeated many times that she was dying 'a daughter of the Church' (the wording varies among witnesses: 'in the end, Lord, I am a daughter of the Church' / 'I die a daughter of the Church'), recited the verse 'Cor contritum et humiliatum, Deus, non despicies' (Ps 50:19) and, on receiving Viaticum, spoke words of joy that the hour to see her Spouse had come, also transmitted by Ribera. There is no single literal final sentence: what exists is a set of eyewitness accounts convergent in meaning and divergent in detail.

Source: Ana de San Bartolomé. Obras completas. Edición de Julián Urkiza, O.C.D. 2 vols. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 1998–1999 (incluye la Autobiografía con el relato de la última enfermedad y muerte de Teresa). Trad. inglesa: Autobiography and Other Writings, ed. Darcy Donahue, University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Interroger

Ce que répond son œuvre

Douze grandes questions de l'humanité et ce que ses textes permettent d'y répondre, références à l'appui. Nous ne lui prêtons jamais de paroles.

Qu'est-ce que l'Absolu ? Dieu existe-t-il ?
God is someone with whom one keeps friendship: a Trinity dwelling in the soul
Un Dieu personnelIl le dit expressément
For Teresa of Ávila, God's existence is not a matter for demonstration but for intimacy. Her work starts from Catholic faith and lives it as relationship: in the Book of Her Life she defines mental prayer as a friendly exchange, alone, with the One we know loves us. In the Interior Castle she describes a journey through seven dwelling places whose centre is occupied by God himself; in the seventh, the soul receives, by intellectual vision, the presence of the three Persons of the Trinity, who communicate themselves and remain there. This God knows, calls, hides and bestows; humility consists in «walking in truth» before the One who is supreme Truth. The Absolute is thus, for her, a personal and Trinitarian Thou, more intimate to the soul than the soul itself, never a faceless principle.
Comparer cette question avec d'autres maîtres
Qui suis-je ? Existe-t-il un vrai soi ?
The soul is a diamond castle with God dwelling at its centre
Une âme créée et immortelleIl le dit expressément
Teresa of Ávila answers the question of the self with an image: at the start of the Interior Castle she proposes considering the soul as a castle made entirely of diamond or very clear crystal, with many dwelling places, at whose centre is the King. She laments that most people do not know who they are: they know their body and lineage, but not the dignity and beauty of their soul. To know oneself is therefore to enter that castle, and the door is prayer. The soul is created, unique and immortal, and called to a union with God that in the seventh dwelling places she calls spiritual marriage; even then, she insists, it does not cease to be a creature nor is it confused with God. Self-knowledge and humility go together: there is no true knowledge of oneself without looking at God, nor of God without knowing oneself.
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Pourquoi souffrons-nous ?
Trials purify the soul and prepare it for union
La séparation d'avec DieuIl le dit expressément
Teresa of Ávila does not write a theory of suffering, but she knows it closely: serious illness, opposition, her confessors' suspicions, dryness in prayer. She interprets it within Catholic theology: the soul estranged from God is scattered and suffers, and pain accepted with love purifies it and makes it like the crucified Christ. In the sixth dwelling places of the Interior Castle she lists the inner and outer trials that precede spiritual marriage — gossip, unsettling praise, illnesses, fears of being deceived — and presents them as preparation. In the Book of Her Life she records her plea to suffer or to die, which expresses not a taste for pain but a desire for union: if she cannot yet enjoy God, she wishes at least to share his cross. Suffering far from God is the penalty of one's own dispersion; suffering with Him is a path.
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Que se passe-t-il après la mort ?
Death opens true life with God, which the soul already longs for
Vie éternelle et résurrectionIl le dit expressément
Teresa of Ávila thinks about death within the Catholic faith: judgement, purgatory, hell and glory, and the eternal life of the person before God. What is distinctive is the tone in which she lives it. In the gloss «I live without living in myself» death appears as the longed-for door to a higher life, and present life as exile: she dies because she does not die. In the Book of Her Life she recounts a vision of the place which, as she understood it, had been prepared for her in hell, and which led her to fear sin more than death; in other chapters she reports visions of glory and of souls rising to it. In the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle, however, the soul already united with God stops longing for death and accepts living in order to serve him: what is decisive is not the moment of dying but union, which death consummates.
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Comment atteint-on la libération ou le salut ?
Union with God is a free gift; the soul must dispose itself with determination
Par la grâce et l'amourIl le dit expressément
For Teresa of Ávila, the end of the path is the soul's union with God, which in the Interior Castle culminates in the «spiritual marriage» of the seventh dwelling places. That union is not conquered: it is God's work, who enters the centre of the soul when He wills. What does belong to the person is to dispose herself: persevering prayer, humility, detachment and what The Way of Perfection calls a very determined determination not to stop until arriving. Teresa carefully distinguishes the «consolations», obtained partly by one's own meditative effort, from the «spiritual delights» or supernatural prayer, which are received. Effort prepares the ground, but the decisive step is always grace, and its proof is not ecstasy but love of neighbour and deeds.
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Faut-il un maître ?
A learned, experienced confessor is a great help; a bad one does harm
Utile mais pas indispensableIl le dit expressément
Teresa of Ávila attaches great importance to the spiritual director, but from an ambivalent experience: in the Book of Her Life she recounts the years of harm caused by poorly instructed confessors, who reassured or frightened her without grounds. Hence her insistence, in chapter 13 of the Life and in The Way of Perfection, on seeking «learned» confessors, who know Scripture and doctrine, and if possible have experience of prayer. The human teacher guides, discerns and protects from deception, but does not replace the soul's personal relationship with God, who is the one who teaches in prayer. Teresa herself acted as teacher to her nuns, and her books were born as a response to that role.
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Le monde est-il réel ?
God is in all things, but the world passes: God alone suffices
Une création bonne et réelleCela se déduit de sa doctrine
Teresa of Ávila does not elaborate an ontology of the world; her attention is on the soul and on God. What she does make clear is her framework: the world is God's creation, real and distinct from Him. In the Book of Her Life she recounts that it took her a long time to learn that God is present in all things by presence, power and essence, and that a learned man confirmed it to her. God also walks among the pots and pans, as she writes in the Foundations. At the same time, she shares the ascetic assessment of her age: the things of the world are fleeting and vain if sought for their own sake, and the little poem she kept in her breviary recalls that all things pass and God alone does not change.
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Qu'est-ce que l'amour ?
The important thing is not to think much but to love much
L'amour de Dieu et du prochainIl le dit expressément
For Teresa of Ávila love is the criterion of the whole spiritual life. In the fourth dwelling places of the Interior Castle she warns that the important thing is not to think much but to love much, and in the fifth she gives the proof that one loves God: love of neighbour, which cannot be feigned. In The Way of Perfection she devotes several chapters to love among the sisters, which she distinguishes from particular, possessive affection: true love wills the other's good and wills it for God. Her prayer is defined as friendly converse with one we know loves us, and in the Book of Her Life she recounts the transverberation, an angel wounding her heart with a dart of fire. Everything culminates in the spiritual marriage of the seventh dwelling places, which ends not in ecstasy but in works.
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Sommes-nous libres ou tout est-il déterminé ?
The soul decides to enter its castle; grace does not cancel resolve
Un libre arbitre réelIl le dit expressément
Teresa wrote no treatise on free will, but her whole teaching presupposes it. In the *Interior Castle* the soul must want to enter itself, and the door is prayer; whoever does not enter stays among the vermin of the courtyard. In *The Way of Perfection* she asks her nuns for a «great and very determined determination» not to stop until they reach the spring, and in *The Book of Her Life* she recounts her years of lukewarmness as her own responsibility, not as fate. At the same time, everything decisive in the inner mansions is God's work: the soul disposes itself and He grants. Her position is the Catholic one of her time, lived rather than argued: grace does everything, and yet the person responds and can refuse.
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Pourquoi méditer ou prier ?
Prayer is intimate friendship with the one we know loves us
L'amitié avec DieuIl le dit expressément
Teresa gives the definition this key would later borrow: mental prayer, in her view, is nothing other than an intimate sharing between friends, often spending time alone with the one we know loves us (*The Book of Her Life*, 8, 5). Prayer is neither a technique for emptying the mind nor an intellectual exercise, but a personal relationship with Christ, cultivated with perseverance even in dryness. In the *Interior Castle* prayer is the door through which one enters the soul, and the way through the mansions is the growth of that friendship up to spiritual marriage. She warns against confusing prayer with discourse: the important thing is not to think much but to love much. Its fruit is not a state but works, humility and service.
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La raison peut-elle connaître l'ultime ?
Loving more than thinking, yet experiences are submitted to the learned
La foi et la raison s'entraidentIl le dit expressément
Teresa does not reason about the ultimate: she recounts it from experience. In the *Interior Castle* she says that in prayer the important thing is not to think much but to love much, and in the Fifth Mansions she describes union with God as a certainty the soul cannot doubt, though it cannot explain it. Yet she does not scorn theological reason. In *The Book of Her Life* (ch. 13) she praises learned confessors over those with half-knowledge, and again and again submits her visions to the judgement of theologians and the doctrine of the Church. Hers is the stance of a mystic who gives primacy to the experience of God, but trusts theological learning to discern it and avoid delusion.
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Se retirer du monde ou le transformer ?
Martha and Mary must go together: the Lord walks among the pots and pans
La contemplation dans l'actionIl le dit expressément
Teresa of Ávila lived in an enclosed order, and her reform of the Carmel sought precisely a stricter withdrawal: small convents, poverty, silence. But her life and her teaching belie the opposition between contemplation and action. She founded seventeen convents in twenty years, negotiated with nobles, bishops and Philip II himself, travelled the roads of Castile and Andalusia and left in the Book of the Foundations a chronicle of dealings, lawsuits and house purchases. There she consoles nuns busy with domestic tasks by reminding them that the Lord walks among the pots and pans. In the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle she concludes that union with God has works as its end, and that Martha and Mary must go together to give the Lord lodging. The highest contemplation, for her, is proven in service, not in flight.
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Affinités et tensions

Calculées question par question à partir de ses positions. La raison de chaque accord ou de chaque désaccord s'affiche d'un clic.

Pense comme

Pense autrement que

Ils s'opposent surDésaccord de fond

Teresa of Ávila · Laozi

A Thou who loves versus a Way without a name

For Teresa of Ávila the Absolute is a Thou: the Book of Her Life (ch. 8) defines prayer as friendly converse with the one we know loves us, and in the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle the three Persons of the Trinity communicate themselves to the soul and remain in it. The Daodejing opens by warning that the Dao that can be spoken is not the constant Dao; in chapter 25 it says it does not know its name and calls it Dao for want of another, and in chapter 5 it states that heaven and earth are not benevolent and treat beings as straw dogs. Teresa converses with the ultimate, which knows, seeks and loves her; the Daodejing points to it sideways, as a faceless mother that gives birth and does not possess. In her the Absolute is relationship; in the text, source.

Pourquoi: The contradiction is substantive, not verbal. Teresa writes within the Catholic faith and for nuns who pray; her language is that of the revelation of a God who has made himself known as a person in Christ, and her whole itinerary depends on someone answering. The Daodejing is an anthology of aphorisms from the fourth and third centuries BCE, addressed partly to rulers, which describes the course of things and distrusts any preached benevolence. There is a point of contact: Teresa too admits that what is received in the higher dwelling places exceeds the understanding. But in her that ineffability is that of a friend too great; in the Daodejing, that of a principle that is no one's friend.

Ils concordent sur

Teresa of Ávila · Thich Nhat Hanh

Among the pots and at the sink: attention in small things

Teresa of Ávila consoles the nuns busy in the kitchen by reminding them that the Lord walks among the pots and pans (Book of the Foundations, ch. 5, 8), and in the seventh dwelling places of the Interior Castle she concludes that Martha and Mary must go together. Thich Nhat Hanh teaches in The Miracle of Mindfulness to wash the dishes attending to washing the dishes, without separating the meditation session from the rest of life. Both refuse to confine the inner life to a separate moment and carry it into domestic tasks; both distrust discourse, since the point is not to think much but to love much, Teresa writes (Fourth Dwelling Places, 1, 7); and both measure practice by its fruits: works and service in her, understanding and compassion in him.

Pourquoi: The convergence is one of practice, not doctrine. Teresa prays to a personal God present in all things, the kitchen included; Thich Nhat Hanh addresses no one, but looks deeply into the impermanence and interbeing of what he holds in his hands. Yet both face the same difficulty: communities with daily manual work, where contemplation cannot depend on free time. The reformed Carmel and Vietnamese Zen solve it in the same way, making the task the place of presence. No relation between them is recorded; the affinity stems from the community life both organised and from their shared distrust of a merely intellectual spirituality.

Ils s'opposent surContradiction apparente

Teresa of Ávila · Ibn Arabi

Always a creature, or He and not He: two languages for a union without confusion

Teresa of Ávila insists that even in the spiritual marriage of the seventh dwelling places the soul does not cease to be a creature nor is it confused with God (Interior Castle, Seventh Dwelling Places, ch. 2). Ibn Arabi seems to say the opposite: the human being has no existence of its own, what exists in it is the existence of the Real, and whoever knows himself knows his Lord (Fusus al-hikam, chapter on Adam). Yet the distance shrinks on close reading. Teresa describes that union with the image of rain falling from the sky into a river, which can no longer be separated from it; Ibn Arabi expressly rejects fusion and incarnation and holds that the servant remains a servant. Both maintain real union and irreducible distinction at once: she through images, he through the paradox of He and not He.

Pourquoi: The tension is apparent because they use different categories for a similar experience. Teresa writes under the scrutiny of the Inquisition and of her learned confessors, within a theology that distinguishes creator and creature at the level of being, and so she stresses the distinction every time she describes union. Ibn Arabi works with a metaphysics of the single existence and of the mirror, in which saying that the creature has no being of its own does not mean it is God in his Essence, which remains unknowable. She speaks of what the soul lives; he, of what being is. They agree in practice: knowing oneself and knowing God go together, and the goal is intimacy without confusion.

Ils s'opposent surDésaccord de fond

Teresa of Ávila · G. I. Gurdjieff

The soul as gift or as achievement: the diamond castle versus an immortality to be manufactured

Teresa of Ávila opens the Interior Castle by asking us to consider the soul as a castle of diamond with the King dwelling at its centre: the soul is created, unique and immortal, and its dignity precedes all merit; she laments that hardly anyone knows who they are (First Dwelling Places, chs. 1 and 2). Gurdjieff, according to the teaching recorded by Ouspensky in In Search of the Miraculous, holds that man is not born with an immortal soul: he can only form higher bodies, and with them something capable of surviving death, through conscious work and intentional suffering; whoever has not formed them dies completely. For Teresa the soul is a gift to be discovered; for Gurdjieff, an achievement to be built. She asks how to enter the castle; he, whether there is yet anyone able to enter.

Pourquoi: The contradiction is real and touches the core of both anthropologies. Teresa speaks from the Christian doctrine of creation, in which God gives each soul its immortal being and grace precedes effort. Gurdjieff builds a cosmology of his own, of laws and materials, in which immortality is conditional and must be acquired. There is nonetheless a point of contact: both think that most people live outside themselves, in the outer courtyard of the castle or in sleep, and that knowing oneself demands long and painful work. But in Teresa what is unknown is already there, and in Gurdjieff what is unknown is that there is not yet anyone.

Ils concordent sur

Teresa of Ávila · Milarepa

Suffering that purifies: Marpa's towers and the trials of the sixth dwelling places

Both read their own suffering as preparation. According to the Life of Milarepa, Marpa makes him build and tear down stone towers for years and withholds teaching, and the tradition interprets those trials as purification of the karma of his youthful crimes. Teresa of Ávila lists in the sixth dwelling places of the Interior Castle the inner and outer trials that precede the spiritual marriage, gossip, illnesses, fears of being deceived, and presents them as a disposition of the soul. In both, perseverance is decisive: the uncompromising asceticism of Milarepa's caves; the very determined determination not to stop that Teresa asks for in The Way of Perfection (ch. 21). And in both pain is not an end but the threshold of a transformation the subject does not produce alone.

Pourquoi: The affinity is comparative: there is no relation between the eleventh-century Tibetan yogi and the sixteenth-century Castilian Carmelite. They converge because their traditions share an ascetic anthropology: the human being is bound by something that must be undone, and that undoing hurts. The explanation of pain, however, differs. In the Life of Milarepa suffering is the fruit of past actions and is exhausted through purification under a master; in Teresa it is participation in the cross of Christ and preparation for a union that God grants by grace. It should also be remembered that the Life is a fifteenth-century hagiography, whereas Teresa writes in the first person about what she lived.

Ils s'opposent surDésaccord de fond

Teresa of Ávila · Helena Blavatsky

Praying to someone or commanding the inner god: grace versus self-effort

Teresa of Ávila defines prayer as friendly converse with the one we know loves us (Book of Her Life, ch. 8) and holds that union with God is a free gift: the soul disposes itself with determination, but God takes the decisive step when he wills (Interior Castle, Fourth and Seventh Dwelling Places). Blavatsky rejects in The Key to Theosophy, in the section on God and prayer, the idea of a personal, extra-cosmic God, considers petitionary prayer a source of selfishness and passivity, and proposes instead a prayer of the will addressed to the divine principle within oneself. She also criticises vicarious atonement: each reaps what he sows according to karma, and liberation is the fruit of one's own effort over many lives. They are opposite answers to the question of who does the work.

Pourquoi: The contradiction is real and Blavatsky framed it as such: her Theosophy was born in polemic against the ecclesiastical Christianity of her day and against scientific materialism, and sought to offer a wisdom-religion without a personal God or redemption by another. Teresa writes within the Catholic faith, for which grace precedes and accompanies effort, and her language is that of a relationship between persons. There is, however, a point of contact that should not be forgotten: both seek the divine within the soul, at the centre of the castle or in the higher Self, and neither accepts a religion of formulas without transformation. They differ over whether that interior answers or simply is.

Ils concordent sur

Teresa of Ávila · Rumi

It is not a matter of thinking much: love knows more than reasoning

Teresa of Ávila writes in the Interior Castle that in prayer the point is not to think much but to love much (Fourth Dwelling Places, 1, 7), and in the fifth dwelling places describes a certainty of union with God that the soul cannot doubt even though it cannot explain it. Rumi distinguishes in the Masnavi the partial intellect, calculating and bound to appearances, from love, which knows by union, and mocks those who argue with proofs by saying their leg is made of wood (book I). Both place access to God in the transformation of the one who loves rather than in demonstration. And neither is an anti-rationalist: Teresa submits her experiences to the judgement of learned confessors (Book of Her Life, ch. 13); Rumi was a jurist and preacher trained in the religious sciences.

Pourquoi: The affinity is comparative: there is no relation between the Castilian Carmelite and the poet of Konya. They converge because both speak from monotheistic traditions with a highly developed scholastic theology, Christian and Islamic, which reserved for mysticism a knowledge through love and experience that does not contradict theology but exceeds it. Both also write for readers who are not professional theologians: nuns in one case, disciples and listeners in the other. The difference lies in the form of that experience: Teresa lives it as friendship with a personal Christ and describes it with almost clinical precision; Rumi, as longing and fire, in poetic images.

Anecdotes et récits

Documentéc. 1522

The two children who wanted to be martyrs

Teresa was about seven when, reading lives of saints with her brother Rodrigo, both were seized by an idea: martyrs bought heaven cheaply, since with a single blow one earned eternity. They decided to go 'to the land of the Moors', begging along the way, so that they might be beheaded there for the love of God. They left Ávila by the Adaja bridge and were found by an uncle, who brought them home to a frightened mother. Rodrigo, Teresa says, blamed his little sister. Martyrdom having failed, the two played hermits by building cells of stones in the garden, which collapsed at once. Teresa tells it in the first chapter of the Life with the irony of one who knows that childish desire was not so different from the one that drove her, fifty years later, along the roads of Castile.

Origine du récit: Told by Teresa herself in the Book of Her Life 1,4–5. The detail of the uncle who found them is added by Ribera (1590) from family information.

Source: Teresa de Jesús. Obras completas. Transcripción, introducciones y notas de Efrén de la Madre de Dios y Otger Steggink. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1962 (ediciones posteriores revisadas).

Documenté1573–1582

'The Lord walks among the pots and pans'

In the fifth chapter of the Foundations Teresa pauses to correct an idea she had seen take root in her convents: that prayer alone counted and that being sent to the kitchen or the turn was a loss. She writes that obedience is the shortest road to union, and that one must not be sad when duties take away time for solitude, 'for the Lord walks among the pots and pans, helping you both interiorly and exteriorly'. The remark, made in passing, has become the emblem of her spirituality: a mysticism that does not despise the domestic and distrusts nuns who think themselves contemplatives in order to escape work. Teresa, who took her turn as cook at Saint Joseph's and was prioress in houses without money, knew what she was talking about.

Origine du récit: Literal text of the Book of the Foundations 5,8.

Documenté1574–1588

The book impounded by the Inquisition

In 1574 the Princess of Éboli, Ana de Mendoza, spiteful after her abortive stay at the Pastrana convent, had circulated the manuscript of the Life among her servants. In 1575 the book was denounced to the tribunal of the Inquisition in Seville, where Teresa had just founded, and passed to the Supreme Council in Madrid. The Dominican Domingo Báñez, her confessor and a Salamanca professor, wrote a favourable censure still preserved at the end of the autograph: he conceded that a woman should not teach, but that nothing in the book contradicted the faith and that 'this woman, as far as her account shows, even if she were mistaken in something, is at least no deceiver'. Teresa never saw her book again; it remained with the Inquisition until 1586, when Ana de Jesús reclaimed it for Fray Luis de León's edition. Philip II later requested it for his library at El Escorial, where it remains.

Origine du récit: Reconstructed by Efrén de la Madre de Dios and Steggink (Tiempo y vida) from the Inquisition file and Báñez's autograph censure (7 July 1575) preserved in the Escorial codex.

Source: Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).

Tradition orale1567–1568

'A friar and a half'

In Medina del Campo, in the summer of 1567, Teresa was looking for friars for the male branch the general Rubeo had authorised. She found two: the prior Antonio de Heredia, well on in years, and a young Carmelite from Salamanca, small of stature, called Friar Juan de Santo Matía, who was thinking of joining the Carthusians. She persuaded him to wait. Carmelite tradition relates that Teresa then wrote to her nuns, content, that she already had 'a friar and a half' with which to begin the reform: the half being John of the Cross, on account of his size. The phrase is apt and appears in none of her surviving writings; what Teresa did write in the Foundations (3,17) is that John was 'good' and that, though he lacked years, he did not lack spirit. John founded at Duruelo in November 1568, with Antonio, in a farmhouse Teresa describes with humour and tenderness.

Origine du récit: The expression 'a friar and a half' belongs to Carmelite oral tradition and popular biographies; it appears neither in the letters nor in the Foundations. The meeting and her judgement of John are documented (Foundations 3,16–17; Tiempo y vida).

Source: Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).

Invérifiables. XVI (tradición)

'This is how you treat your friends'

It is the most repeated anecdote about Teresa and the least traceable. The story goes that, on one of her foundation journeys (often placed on the road to Burgos, in the winter of 1582, with the rivers in flood), the cart overturned and Teresa fell into the mud. Getting up, she complained to the Lord; he is said to have replied, 'This is how I treat my friends', to which she retorted, 'That is why you have so few'. The exchange captures exactly her tone with God (as between equals, with Castilian irony), which is why it has survived. But it is not in the Life, nor the Foundations, nor the letters, nor the testimonies of the processes; twentieth-century critical biographers found no source for it. What is documented is the journey to Burgos with the Arlanzón in flood and her health broken, which Teresa narrates in the last chapter of the Foundations.

Origine du récit: In circulation since at least the nineteenth century in devotional biographies and anthologies; it has not been traced to any sixteenth-century source or to the processes. Recorded here as a characteristic legend, not as fact.

Source: Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).

Témoignage1578

'A restless, gadabout female'

In 1577 and 1578 the Teresian reform came close to extinction. The nuncio Filippo Sega, who had arrived in Spain with instructions to subject the Discalced to the Calced, imprisoned Gracián, confirmed John of the Cross's imprisonment and ordered Teresa confined to a convent. As her first biographers transmitted it, the nuncio described her as 'a restless, gadabout female, disobedient and contumacious, who under the guise of devotion invented bad doctrines, going outside the enclosure against the order of the Council of Trent and the prelates, teaching as a master against what Saint Paul taught when he commanded that women should not teach'. The sentence, which condenses every possible accusation against a sixteenth-century woman, was adopted with pride by Carmelite tradition, and 'gadabout' became an honourable epithet. Teresa, in her letters of those months, calls Sega 'the nuncio' without adjectives and asks Philip II to intervene; the king did.

Origine du récit: The nuncio's words are known through the tradition of the first Discalced generation (Gracián and the chroniclers), not from a document by Sega himself; Efrén/Steggink record them with that caution. Philip II's intervention and the ordered confinement are documented.

Source: Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).

Documenté1582

The night ten days went missing

Teresa died at Alba de Tormes on Thursday 4 October 1582, around nine at night, her head resting on the arm of Ana de San Bartolomé, who had nursed her for years and who recorded how the saint, having scarcely spoken for days, looked at her and smiled before expiring. The next day the correction of the Julian calendar ordered by Gregory XIII's bull Inter gravissimas took effect in Spain: Thursday 4 October was followed by Friday 15 October. Teresa thus died on the last day of the old calendar, which is why her feast is kept on 15 October. The nuns of Alba buried her under a heap of lime and stones, in such haste and with such weight that the community had to reopen the grave nine months later; the body was found incorrupt and the long history of her relics began, divided and disputed between Alba and Ávila for decades.

Origine du récit: Ana de San Bartolomé's Autobiography (ed. Urkiza) and the process depositions; the date and the calendar reform, in Tiempo y vida and in the Gregorian bull itself. The 1583 exhumation is recorded in the processes.

Enseignements

Les notions qui structurent sa pensée, expliquées dans leur contexte.

Prayer as friendshiporacion-como-amistad

Teresa defines mental prayer, in Life 8,5, as 'an intimate sharing between friends, taking time frequently to be alone with him who we know loves us'. The definition shifts the centre of prayer from technique (methods, considerations, points of meditation) to relationship: to pray is to be with someone, and that someone loves first. Several consequences follow that run through her whole work: that prayer does not require great thoughts ('the important thing is not to think much but to love much'); that fidelity to the time of prayer matters more than its savour; that friendship with God is verified in friendship with others; and that abandoning prayer, which she confesses to have done for more than a year, is the ruin of the spiritual life. The image of friendship has roots in Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, but Teresa turns it into narratable experience and a criterion of discernment: what does not bring one closer to the friend does not come from the friend.

Sixteenth-century Castilian mental prayer (Osuna, Laredo, Granada), under Inquisitorial suspicion of 'wordless' prayer.

The interior castle and the seven dwelling placescastillo-interior

In 1577 Teresa proposes considering the soul 'as a castle made entirely of a diamond or very clear crystal, in which there are many rooms'. The image organises the spiritual life into seven concentric dwelling places through which the soul advances towards the centre, where God dwells. The first three correspond to ordinary ascetic life: entering into oneself (prayer), overcoming sin, ordering one's life. In the fourth the 'supernatural' appears: the 'spiritual delights' God gives and that cannot be procured, as against the 'consolations' born of one's own effort; it is the dwelling of infused recollection and quiet, illustrated by the two basins, one filled through aqueducts and the other by a spring. The fifth is union, compared with the silkworm that dies to become a butterfly. The sixth, the longest, describes spiritual betrothal and its trials: persecutions, illnesses, raptures, visions, wounds of love. The seventh is spiritual marriage: a stable presence of the Trinity at the centre of the soul that does not remove the active life but founds it: 'this is what prayer is for, my daughters; this is the purpose of this spiritual marriage: that works, works, should always be born'. Later mystical theology adopted the scheme as the canonical map of the itinerary.

The tradition of the 'degrees' of the spiritual life (Bernard, Bonaventure, Richard of Saint Victor) rewritten from experience and in the vernacular.

The degrees of prayer: the four waterscuatro-aguas

In Life 11–22 Teresa compares the beginner to someone who must water a newly planted garden and distinguishes four ways of drawing the water. The first, drawing it from the well by hand: discursive meditation, laborious and often dry. The second, with a water-wheel and buckets: the prayer of quiet, where the will is captive while the intellect still stirs. The third, with water from a river or running stream: a 'sleep of the faculties' in which God does almost everything. The fourth, rain: union, in which the soul does nothing and receives everything. The allegory has a decisive feature: the water is always the same and the garden always belongs to the Lord; what changes is the proportion between one's own labour and gift. With it Teresa managed to describe states that the theology of her time knew only in Latin, and she did so with the most everyday image for a Castilian woman: irrigation.

Teresa's first systematisation of the degrees of prayer, earlier than and complementary to the dwelling places.

Determined determinationdeterminada-determinacion

'It is very important, indeed it is everything, to have a great and very determined determination not to stop until one reaches it, come what may, happen what may, whatever the labour, whoever may murmur' (Way of Perfection 21,2). The redundancy is deliberate: Teresa wants to name an act of the will that depends neither on feeling nor on results. In her spiritual anthropology the will is the decisive faculty (the intellect wanders, the memory strays) and the life of prayer rests on a renewed decision rather than on a method. The concept stands against the spirituality of 'lukewarmness' she diagnoses in her own youth and in many nuns, and connects with her insistence on the 'manly soul', that is, on a fortitude that admits no difference between the sexes.

The psychology of the faculties (intellect, memory, will) inherited from scholasticism, placed at the service of a pedagogy of perseverance.

Humility as walking in truthhumildad-andar-en-verdad

In the Sixth Dwelling Places (10,7) Teresa asks why God is 'so fond' of humility and answers: 'because God is supreme Truth, and humility is walking in truth'. The definition breaks with humility understood as self-contempt or timidity, which she expressly fights ('false humility'), and ties it to self-knowledge: knowing what one is, what one has of one's own (nothing) and what one has received. Self-knowledge is, in her scheme, the 'dwelling' that accompanies all the others, and it is obtained not by looking at oneself but by looking at God, as black is seen beside white. Hence Teresian humility is compatible with audacity: a woman who founds seventeen convents and writes treatises on prayer can call herself 'wretched' without contradiction, because what she affirms is not her smallness but the truth of her dependence.

The doctrine of self-knowledge (Augustine, Bernard) reformulated as a criterion against false humility and conventual melancholy.

The Humanity of Christ as the wayhumanidad-de-cristo

In chapter 22 of the Life Teresa takes sides in a controversy of her time: certain books taught that the advanced contemplative should put aside all corporeal images, including the Humanity of Christ, to remain in pure divinity. She confesses she tried it and calls it 'treason': 'I see clearly… that it is through this door we must enter, if we want the sovereign Majesty to show us great secrets'. For Teresa the Christ of the Gospels (the one who sits beside us, the one of the Passion, the one represented 'within oneself') is not a step to be left behind but the permanent companion of prayer in all its degrees, up to spiritual marriage. This Christological option distinguishes her from Neoplatonising currents and from certain readings of Rhenish mysticism, and explains the concrete, affective and narrative character of her mysticism.

The sixteenth-century debate on 'imageless' prayer (recollection versus abandonment) in the context of suspicion of Illuminism.

Retraites

Retraites et centres

Lieux et rencontres liés à son enseignement. Nous vous mettons en relation avec ceux qui les organisent.

Ávila, Alba de Tormes, Medina del Campo, Toledo, Sevilla y otras fundaciones · España
Footprints of Teresa: network of Teresian cities
Red de Ciudades Teresianas de España – Huellas de Teresa
Footprints of Teresa is the network linking the cities where Teresa of Jesus founded her reformed convents, from Ávila, where she was born and opened San José, to Alba de Tormes, where she died and is buried, by way of Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Segovia, Salamanca, Toledo, Pastrana, Caravaca de la Cruz, Beas de Segura and Seville. It grew out of the fifth centenary of her birth and offers a self-guided route through the heritage linked to the saint, with an interactive map, an app and a virtual tour. It is the most faithful way to follow the travels of a woman who called herself a wanderer of God.
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Alba de Tormes, Salamanca · España
Alba de Tormes: tomb of Saint Teresa
Carmelitas Descalzas de la Anunciación (información: Turismo de Castilla y León)
In the convent of the Annunciation at Alba de Tormes, the eighth foundation of Teresa of Jesus, the saint died in October 1582, and her body and principal relics rest there. The church of the Discalced Carmelite nuns keeps her tomb above the high altar, and a Teresian museum completes the site. Alba is the natural end point of any Teresian pilgrimage and the destination of the route linking it with Ávila, known as from the cradle to the tomb. Visiting information is published by the official tourism body of the Castilla y León regional government, which should be checked before travelling.
Demander des informations
Ávila, Castilla y León · España
CITeS – University of Mysticism, Ávila
Centro Internacional Teresiano Sanjuanista (Carmelitas Descalzos)
The International Teresian-Sanjuanist Centre, known as the University of Mysticism, was established by the Discalced Carmelite Order in 1986 in Ávila, the birthplace of Teresa of Jesus. It is devoted to the study and dissemination of the teaching of Teresa and John of the Cross, and hosts summer courses, gatherings, specialisation programmes and a master's degree run with a partner university, both in person and online. It has also promoted dialogue between Christian mysticism and other traditions. Its website sometimes rejects automated requests, but it is the centre's official site.
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Vidéos

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Teresa de Jesús: Capítulo 1 - Camino de perfección | RTVE Archivo
Enregistrement de tiers· ES· 1984· 61 min
RTVE ArchivoChaîne officielle
Teresa de Jesús: Capítulo 5 - Fundaciones | RTVE Archivo
Enregistrement de tiers· ES· 1984· 55 min
RTVE ArchivoChaîne officielle
Santa Teresa de Jesús: un don para la humanidad
Documentaire· ES· 2024· 93 min
Testimonios católicos
Santa Teresa de Jesús (1961). Película completa
Enregistrement de tiers· ES· 1961· 127 min
Alma Católica
Teresa de Jesús, teología de la amistad – Maximiliano Herráiz García
Conférence· ES· 43 min
Universidad de la Mística (CITeS, Ávila)Chaîne officielle
Lectura y comentario de textos del libro de las Moradas – Maximiliano Herráiz
Conférence· ES· 45 min
Universidad de la Mística (CITeS, Ávila)Chaîne officielle
Santa Teresa, escritora de cartas – Juan Luis Rodríguez
Conférence· ES· 47 min
Iglesia en ValladolidChaîne officielle
Rev. Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD on the Book of Life by St. Teresa of Avila
Conférence· EN· 14 min
russelocd
Rev. Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD on the Way of Perfection by St. Teresa of Avila
Conférence· EN· 15 min
russelocd
Carmelite Authors 101: St. Teresa of Avila
Conférence· EN· 54 min
BC Clough School of Theology and MinistryChaîne officielle
Founder of Discalced Carmel and author of The Interior Castle: Saint Teresa of Jesus
Documentaire· EN· 42 min
Fides Viva in English

Galerie

Images dont la licence a été vérifiée. Chacune conserve son auteur et son attribution.

Manuscrits

Témoins manuscrits et textes anciens, avec leur dépositaire et leurs conditions de consultation.

ES · Latina (cursiva castellana del s. XVI) · 1562–1565
Libro de la vida (autógrafo)
Témoin conservé
Autógrafo completo, con la censura autógrafa de Domingo Báñez (1575)
Dépositaire
Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Patrimonio Nacional)
ES · Latina · c. 1566
Camino de perfección (primera redacción, códice de El Escorial)
Témoin conservé
Autógrafo
Dépositaire
Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Patrimonio Nacional)
ES · Latina · c. 1566–1569
Camino de perfección (segunda redacción, códice de Valladolid)
Témoin conservé
Autógrafo revisado; base de las ediciones modernas
Dépositaire
Monasterio de las Carmelitas Descalzas de la Concepción, Valladolid
ES · Latina · 2 de junio – 29 de noviembre de 1577
Castillo interior o Las moradas (autógrafo)
Témoin conservé
Autógrafo con notas de Gracián y de otros censores
Dépositaire
Monasterio de las Carmelitas Descalzas de San José, Sevilla
ES · Latina · 1573–1582
Libro de las fundaciones (autógrafo)
Témoin conservé
Autógrafo
Dépositaire
Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Patrimonio Nacional)
ES · Latina · 1546–1582
Cartas (autógrafos dispersos)
Témoin conservé
Unos 470 originales y copias antiguas, muchos fragmentarios por el reparto como reliquias
Dépositaire
Diversos (destacan los carmelos de Valladolid, Sevilla, Alba de Tormes y la Biblioteca Nacional de España)

Manuscrits →

Relations

Influences, filiations et affinités. On distingue la relation documentée de la similitude identifiée par analyse.

A rencontré
John of the Cross
They met at Medina del Campo in 1567; Teresa won him over to the reform and he was confessor at the Incarnation during her priorate (1572–1574). Teresa calls him 'my little Seneca' in her letters.
Relation documentée
A influencé
John of the Cross
John received from Teresa the project of the male reform and her reading of the degrees of prayer; his work systematises the same experience in another register.
Relation documentée
A reçu l'influence de
Francis of Assisi
The unendowed poverty of Saint Joseph's in Ávila was expressly inspired by the Franciscan ideal, transmitted by Peter of Alcántara, Franciscan reformer and Teresa's adviser (Life 35).
Relation documentée
Idées proches de
Hildegard of Bingen
Two women without formal theological training who wrote under their confessors' command, justified their authority by experience and were proclaimed Doctors of the Church (1970 and 2012). There is no evidence Teresa read Hildegard.
Similitude identifiée par analyse
Idées proches de
Meister Eckhart
Both describe a 'ground' or centre of the soul where God dwells; Teresa, however, expressly refuses to leave behind the Humanity of Christ, distancing herself from the abstract reading of Rhenish mysticism.
Similitude identifiée par analyse
A influencé
Thomas Merton
Merton read and commented on Teresa as a teacher of contemplation; the relation is one of reception, not contact.
Similitude identifiée par analyse

Lié depuis d'autres fiches

Sources

Bibliographie et catalogues consultés pour cette fiche.

Wikidata, Q174880 «Teresa de Jesús / Teresa of Ávila» (P31=Q5; 110 enlaces entre wikis).
Efrén de la Madre de Dios, O.C.D., y Otger Steggink, O.Carm. Tiempo y vida de Santa Teresa. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1968 (3.ª ed., 1996).
Teresa de Jesús. Obras completas. Transcripción, introducciones y notas de Efrén de la Madre de Dios y Otger Steggink. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1962 (ediciones posteriores revisadas).
Teresa de Jesús. Obras completas. Edición de Tomás Álvarez. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 2006 (col. Maestros Espirituales Carmelitas). ISBN 9788472398948.
Teresa of Avila. The Collected Works of St. Teresa of Avila. Translated by Kieran Kavanaugh, O.C.D., and Otilio Rodriguez, O.C.D. 3 vols. Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications, 1976–1985 (reed. 2011).
Ana de San Bartolomé. Obras completas. Edición de Julián Urkiza, O.C.D. 2 vols. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 1998–1999 (incluye la Autobiografía con el relato de la última enfermedad y muerte de Teresa). Trad. inglesa: Autobiography and Other Writings, ed. Darcy Donahue, University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Procesos de beatificación y canonización de Santa Teresa de Jesús. Edición de Silverio de Santa Teresa, O.C.D. Biblioteca Mística Carmelitana, vols. 18–20. Burgos: Monte Carmelo, 1934–1935.
Ribera, Francisco de, S.J. La vida de la Madre Teresa de Jesús, fundadora de las Descalzas y Descalzos Carmelitas. Salamanca: Pedro Lasso, 1590.
Pablo VI. Carta apostólica Multiformis sapientia Dei por la que se proclama a Santa Teresa de Jesús doctora de la Iglesia universal, 27 de septiembre de 1970.
Egido, Teófanes. El linaje judeoconverso de Santa Teresa (pleito de hidalguía de los Cepeda). Madrid: Editorial de Espiritualidad, 1986.
Weber, Alison. Teresa of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Bilinkoff, Jodi. The Avila of Saint Teresa: Religious Reform in a Sixteenth-Century City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Williams, Rowan. Teresa of Avila. London: Geoffrey Chapman / Continuum, 1991.
Open Library (Internet Archive): registros bibliográficos consultados por autor, título e ISBN para las ediciones listadas.
Wikimedia Commons: metadatos de licencia (extmetadata) de cada fichero, leídos por la API imageinfo el 2026-10-22.
Sitio oficial de la Orden de los Carmelitas Descalzos (Curia general, Roma).
Monte Carmelo (ed.). «Respuesta de un desafío», en Santa Teresa en 100 fichas. teresavila.com (Burgos: Editorial Monte Carmelo).
Monte Carmelo (ed.). «Seudoautógrafos y escritos espurios», en Santa Teresa en 100 fichas. teresavila.com (Burgos: Editorial Monte Carmelo).
Teresa de Jesús. Escritos de Santa Teresa, añadidos e ilustrados por Vicente de la Fuente. Tomo I. Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 53. Madrid: M. Rivadeneyra, 1861 (ejemplar digitalizado de la Universidad de Harvard en Internet Archive).
Wikisource en español: página de autor «Santa Teresa de Jesús» (relación de obras y ediciones transcritas).

Ayant droit: Dominio público (obra del siglo XVI). Las ediciones críticas, traducciones y aparatos modernos están sujetos a los derechos de sus editores (BAC, Monte Carmelo, Editorial de Espiritualidad, ICS Publications, Cerf, Herder…). La Orden de los Carmelitas Descalzos custodia la mayor parte de los autógrafos.
Site officiel: www.carmelitaniscalzi.com/es/

En attente de confirmation

Ce que cette fiche n'a pas encore pu établir. Nous préférons le dire plutôt que de combler.

Localizar la digitalización oficial de los autógrafos de El Escorial (Vida, Camino, Fundaciones) en la Real Biblioteca (rbme.patrimonionacional.es): la búsqueda automática no devolvió fichas de ítem y no se ha querido inventar una URL.
Confirmar en catálogo el año de impresión correspondiente al ISBN 9788422012627 de las Obras completas de la BAC (Efrén/Steggink); Open Library indexa el ISBN pero no el registro de edición.
Localizar ISBN en catálogo de las Œuvres complètes (Cerf) y de una edición italiana de conjunto (Opere complete, Paoline/OCD) y de ediciones en ruso y árabe: no aparecen en Open Library y Google Books devuelve cuota 0 sin clave.
Verificar la signatura exacta (shelfmark) de los autógrafos en la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial.
Fijar con la edición crítica de Ana de San Bartolomé (Urkiza) y con los Procesos (BMC 18–20) la formulación exacta y el testigo de cada una de las frases finales transmitidas; aquí se ha registrado la versión más difundida con nota sobre las variantes.
El lugar de nacimiento (Ávila) es el aceptado por la biografía crítica; una tradición alternativa lo sitúa en Gotarrendura. No se ha incorporado por falta de respaldo documental.
Programas de afiliación: ninguno verificado para las editoriales listadas (no se ha encontrado página de programa en sus webs); se deja la lista vacía.
Wikisource (página de autor) enumera también «Apuntaciones» entre los escritos breves; no se ha podido verificar en una edición crítica su contenido ni su fecha, por lo que no se ha registrado como obra.
Los textos de Internet Archive registrados en reading_texts son OCR de ediciones antiguas (BAE 1861–1862, BMC 1916–1919, traducciones inglesas de 1871–1921): conviene revisar la calidad de la ingesta; las versiones de Wikisource (Vida, Exclamaciones) y Gutenberg (Life) son las más limpias.

Recherche effectuée le 2026-10-22

Biographie

Une hidalga d'Ávila au sang à rebrousse-poil

L'Incarnation et la longue maladie

La conversion et le scandale des visions

Saint-Joseph et la « réforme »

Procès, dénonciations et le Château

Alba de Tormes

Ce qui demeure

La vie, année après année

Birth

Œuvres essentielles

The Book of Her Life

The Way of Perfection

The Interior Castle (The Mansions)

The Book of the Foundations

Toute son œuvre (17)

Ce que répond son œuvre

Affinités et tensions

Pense comme

Pense autrement que

Anecdotes et récits

The two children who wanted to be martyrs

'The Lord walks among the pots and pans'

The book impounded by the Inquisition

'A friar and a half'

'This is how you treat your friends'

'A restless, gadabout female'

The night ten days went missing

Enseignements

Retraites et centres

Footprints of Teresa: network of Teresian cities

Alba de Tormes: tomb of Saint Teresa

CITeS – University of Mysticism, Ávila

Vidéos

Galerie

Manuscrits

Libro de la vida (autógrafo)

Camino de perfección (primera redacción, códice de El Escorial)

Camino de perfección (segunda redacción, códice de Valladolid)

Castillo interior o Las moradas (autógrafo)

Libro de las fundaciones (autógrafo)

Cartas (autógrafos dispersos)

Relations

Sources