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याज्ञवल्क्य

ऐतिहासिकता विवादित

वैदिक ऋषि, बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् के नायक और शतपथ ब्राह्मण में यज्ञ-विधि के प्रमाण-पुरुष; ये दोनों ग्रंथ शुक्ल यजुर्वेद की उस शाखा के हैं जिसका प्रवर्तन उन्हीं से जोड़ा जाता है। विदेह के राजा जनक की सभा में वे ब्राह्मणों को परास्त करते हैं, गार्गी को अक्षर का उपदेश देते हैं और राजा को बताते हैं कि आत्मा स्वयंज्योति है, जिसका निर्देश केवल "नेति नेति" से हो सकता है। संन्यासी बनकर जाने से पहले वे अपनी पत्नी मैत्रेयी को उपदेश देते हैं। उनकी ऐतिहासिकता विवादित है; उनके नाम वाली याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति और योग याज्ञवल्क्य कहीं बाद की रचनाएँ हैं।

कृतियाँ
12कृतियाँ
संस्करण
35संस्करण
उद्धरण
11उद्धरण
वीडियो
15वीडियो
चित्र
7चित्र
Yājñavalkya con el rey Janaka (relieve)

Yājñavalkya con el rey Janaka (relieve) · CC BY-SA 3.0

उनके अपने शब्दों में

«It is not for the love of the husband, my dear, that a husband is loved, but for the love of the ātman. […] It is the ātman, my dear, that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon, Maitreyī.»

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 2.4.5 (traducción propia del sánscrito)

मूल विचार

Neti neti ("not this, not this"): The formula with which the Bṛhadāraṇyaka designates the ātman or brahman: it cannot be described by any attribute, because anything said of it would turn it into one object among others.

जीवनी

6 मिनट का पाठ

स्पैनिश मूल से सहायता-प्राप्त अनुवाद, मातृभाषी अनुवादक द्वारा समीक्षा लंबित।

एक नाम, जो केवल दो ग्रंथों में मिलता है

याज्ञवल्क्य के बारे में जो कुछ कहा जा सकता है, वह लगभग सब शुक्ल यजुर्वेद की शाखा के दो ग्रंथों से आता है: शतपथ ब्राह्मण, जो यज्ञ का महान शास्त्र है, और बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्, जो उसका अंतिम खंड है। दोनों ग्रंथ दो पाठ-परंपराओं में सुरक्षित रहे हैं, काण्व और माध्यंदिन, और माइकल विट्ज़ेल के अनुसार यही दोहरी परंपरा इस बात की पुष्टि करने देती है कि यह चित्र किसी एक शाखा की कल्पना नहीं है। न कोई शिलालेख है, न कोई इतिवृत्त, न कोई बाहरी साक्ष्य: याज्ञवल्क्य ग्रंथों का एक पात्र है, और उनकी ऐतिहासिकता विवादित है। इतना अवश्य कहा जा सकता है कि परंपरा उन्हें "शुक्ल" यजुस् के मंत्रों के प्रकटकर्ता मानती है, और स्वयं शतपथ अपनी गुरु-परंपरा को इन शब्दों के साथ समाप्त करता है कि सूर्य से प्राप्त ये मंत्र याज्ञवल्क्य वाजसनेय द्वारा कहे गए — "आदित्यानीमानि शुक्लानि यजूंषि वाजसनेयेन याज्ञवल्क्येनाख्यायन्ते"।

कर्मकांडी, जो नियमों पर हँसता था

सबसे प्राचीन याज्ञवल्क्य एक पुरोहित हैं। शतपथ के पहले से पाँचवें कांड तक, और फिर ग्यारहवें से तेरहवें कांड तक, वे यज्ञ की तकनीकी बारीकियों पर ऐसी तीक्ष्णता से विचार करते हैं जो कभी-कभी धृष्टता की सीमा छू लेती है। जहाँ ग्रंथ गाय और बैल का मांस खाने का निषेध करता है, क्योंकि ये पशु "पृथ्वी पर जो कुछ है, उस सबको धारण करते हैं", वहीं वह बिना किसी संक्रमण के जोड़ देता है: "फिर भी याज्ञवल्क्य ने कहा: मैं तो खाता हूँ, यदि वह कोमल हो" — "तदु होवाच याज्ञवल्क्योऽश्नाम्येवाहमंसलं चेद्भवतीति" (शतपथ 3.1.2.21)। एक अन्य प्रसंग में वे वृद्ध दिखाई देते हैं, अपनी सफ़ेद रोओं वाली भुजाएँ दिखाते हुए। विट्ज़ेल का कहना है कि वे छठे से दसवें कांड तक, जो अधिक पश्चिमी परंपरा के हैं, कहीं नहीं आते, और वे उन्हें पूर्व की, विदेह राज्य के, एक व्यक्तित्व के रूप में देखते हैं, यद्यपि ग्रंथ उन्हें कुरु-पांचाल के ब्राह्मणों में गिनता है: अर्थात् एक प्रवासी, उस पूर्व में जो बुद्ध से पहले की शताब्दियों में वैदिक संस्कृति में समाहित हो रहा था।

जनक की सभा में सहस्र गायें

जिस दृश्य ने उन्हें साहित्यिक अमरता दी, वह बृहदारण्यक के तीसरे अध्याय में है। विदेह के राजा जनक बहुदक्षिणा यज्ञ करते हैं और सबसे बड़े ब्रह्मवेत्ता ब्राह्मण के लिए एक हज़ार गायें अलग कर देते हैं, जिनके सींगों पर सोने के सिक्के बँधे हैं। कोई उन पर दावा करने का साहस नहीं करता, सिवाय याज्ञवल्क्य के, जो अपने शिष्य सामश्रवा को उन्हें हाँक ले जाने का आदेश देते हैं; कोलाहल उठने पर वे उत्तर देते हैं कि वे सबसे बड़े ब्रह्मवेत्ता को नमस्कार करते हैं, पर उन्हें तो केवल गायें चाहिए — "नमो वयं ब्रह्मिष्ठाय कुर्मो गोकामा एव वयं स्मः"। फिर एक के बाद एक उनसे प्रश्न करते हैं अश्वल, आर्तभाग, भुज्यु, उषस्त, कहोल, गार्गी वाचक्नवी, उद्दालक आरुणि, फिर से गार्गी और अंत में विदग्ध शाकल्य। आर्तभाग के साथ वे एकांत में बात करने चले जाते हैं, और ग्रंथ कहता है कि उनकी चर्चा का विषय कर्म था: मनुष्य पुण्य कर्म से पुण्यवान होता है और पाप कर्म से पापी — "पुण्यो वै पुण्येन कर्मणा भवति पापः पापेन"। गार्गी, जो पूछती हैं कि ब्रह्मलोक किस पर टिके हैं, उन्हें वे चेताते हैं कि अधिक प्रश्न न करें, नहीं तो उनका सिर गिर पड़ेगा — "गार्गि मातिप्राक्षीर्मा ते मूर्धा व्यपप्तत्"; जब वे "बाणों जैसे" दो प्रश्न लेकर लौटती हैं, तो वे उनसे उस अक्षर की बात करते हैं जो देखता है पर देखा नहीं जाता — "अदृष्टं द्रष्टृ"। शाकल्य, जो हठ नहीं छोड़ते, फटे हुए सिर के साथ मर जाते हैं।

पुरुष की ज्योति और "नेति नेति"

चौथे अध्याय में याज्ञवल्क्य स्वयं जनक को उपदेश देते हैं। राजा पूछते हैं कि पुरुष की ज्योति क्या है — "किंज्योतिरयं पुरुषः": सूर्य, वे उत्तर देते हैं, और सूर्य अस्त हो जाए तो चंद्रमा; फिर अग्नि, फिर वाणी, और जब यह सब न रहे तो आत्मा, जो स्वयं अपनी ज्योति है — "आत्मैवास्य ज्योतिर्भवति"। इसके बाद चेतना की अवस्थाओं की खोज आती है — जाग्रत, स्वप्न और सुषुप्ति, जिसमें द्रष्टा "एक ही समुद्र, अद्वितीय" बन जाता है ("सलिल एको द्रष्टाद्वैतो भवति") — और कामना तथा कर्म के अनुसार मृत्यु और पुनर्जन्म की व्याख्या: "यथाकारी यथाचारी तथा भवति", जैसा कोई करता है, वैसा ही बनता है। आत्मा की ओर केवल निषेध से संकेत किया जा सकता है: नेति नेति, "यह नहीं, यह नहीं"; वह अगृह्य है, अविनाशी है, असंग है — "स एष नेति नेत्यात्मागृह्यो न हि गृह्यते"। अंत में जनक स्वयं को और अपनी प्रजा को गुरु के दास के रूप में अर्पित कर देते हैं — "सोऽहं भगवते विदेहान्ददामि मां चापि सह दास्याय"।

मैत्रेयी और प्रस्थान

उपनिषद् दो बार बताता है कि गृहस्थ जीवन छोड़ने को उद्यत याज्ञवल्क्य अपनी संपत्ति अपनी दो पत्नियों, मैत्रेयी और कात्यायनी, के बीच बाँटना चाहते थे। मैत्रेयी, जिन्हें ग्रंथ "ब्रह्मवादिनी" कहता है, पूछती हैं कि क्या धन से भरी पूरी पृथ्वी उन्हें अमर बना देगी; नकारात्मक उत्तर पाकर वे कहती हैं: "जिससे मैं अमर न होऊँ, उसे लेकर मैं क्या करूँगी?" — "येनाहं नामृता स्यां किमहं तेन कुर्याम्"। तब वे उन्हें सिखाते हैं कि पति, पत्नी, पुत्र या धन उनके अपने लिए प्रिय नहीं होते, बल्कि आत्मा के लिए — "आत्मनस्तु कामाय सर्वं प्रियं भवति" — और जहाँ सब कुछ आत्मा ही हो गया हो, वहाँ कोई नहीं बचता जो किसी दूसरे को देखे: "यत्र त्वस्य सर्वमात्मैवाभूत्तत्केन कं पश्येत्"। विट्ज़ेल रेखांकित करते हैं कि वे पहले व्यक्ति हैं जिनके बारे में कोई भारतीय ग्रंथ कहता है कि उन्होंने गृहहीन जीवन बिताने के लिए घर छोड़ा; जोएल ब्रेरेटन ने दिखाया है कि संवाद के दोनों रूप एक सुविचारित योजना के अनुसार रचे और जोड़े गए।

ग्रंथ क्या कहते हैं और आलोचना क्या कहती है

पैट्रिक ओलिवेल बृहदारण्यक और छान्दोग्य, इन दो सबसे प्राचीन उपनिषदों, को लगभग सातवीं और छठी शताब्दी ई.पू. में, बुद्ध से पहले, रखते हैं, और सावधान करते हैं कि पहला ग्रंथ परतों में रची गई कृति है। विट्ज़ेल, त्सुजी का अनुसरण करते हुए, मानते हैं कि शतपथ का कर्मकांडी और उपनिषद् का चिंतक एक ही व्यक्ति हैं और उनके समकालीन — उद्दालक आरुणि, विदेह के जनक, काशी के अजातशत्रु — बुद्ध से पहले के युग की ओर संकेत करते हैं; होर्श या रूबेन जैसे अन्य विद्वानों ने इस एकता पर संदेह किया। ब्रायन ब्लैक और स्टीवन लिंडक्विस्ट इस पात्र को एक साहित्यिक रचना के रूप में पढ़ते हैं: शास्त्रार्थ जीतने वाले ब्राह्मण का आदर्श, जिसकी जीवनी उन्हीं शास्त्रार्थों के माध्यम से लिखी जाती है। इनमें से कोई भी पाठ जन्म या मृत्यु की तिथियाँ निश्चित करने की अनुमति नहीं देता।

वह नाम, जो बढ़ता ही गया

उपनिषदों के बाद याज्ञवल्क्य का नाम एक चुंबक बन गया। विष्णु पुराण बताता है कि उनके गुरु वैशम्पायन ने अप्रसन्न होकर उनसे सीखी हुई विद्या लौटाने को कहा; उन्होंने यजुस् के मंत्र उगल दिए, जिन्हें अन्य शिष्यों ने तीतर (तित्तिर) बनकर चुग लिया — कहते हैं, इसी से तैत्तिरीय शाखा का नाम पड़ा — और फिर अश्व-रूप में प्रकट हुए सूर्य से वाजसनेयियों का शुक्ल यजुस् प्राप्त किया। महाभारत उनसे राजा जनक के सामने सांख्य दर्शन का निरूपण करवाता है, और जैन आगम उन्हें जण्णवक्क नाम से अपने ऋषियों में गिनते हैं। उनके नाम से कहीं बाद की रचनाएँ प्रचलित हैं: याज्ञवल्क्य स्मृति, धर्म और व्यवहार का एक शास्त्र, जिसे ओलिवेल चौथी या पाँचवीं शताब्दी ईसवी का मानते हैं और जिसने मिताक्षरा टीका के साथ हिंदू विधि के बड़े भाग का नियमन किया; और योग याज्ञवल्क्य, योग की एक पुस्तिका, जिसकी तिथि ईसवी सन् के आरंभ से बारहवीं शताब्दी के बीच विवादित है।

वेदान्त की जड़ में एक विरासत

शंकराचार्य ने बृहदारण्यक पर भाष्य लिखा, और याज्ञवल्क्य के संवादों में मिलने वाली निषेध की पद्धति, स्वयंज्योति आत्मा और आत्मा तथा ब्रह्म की एकता अद्वैत वेदान्त के केंद्रीय तत्त्व बन गए। संन्यास की परंपराओं ने उनके प्रस्थान में संन्यास का आदर्श देखा, और दो परवर्ती उपनिषद्, जाबाल और उनके नाम वाला याज्ञवल्क्य उपनिषद्, उन्हें संन्यास की दीक्षा का उपदेश देते हुए प्रस्तुत करते हैं। तुलनात्मक दर्शन के लिए याज्ञवल्क्य उन पहले चिंतकों में हैं जिनकी कुछ-कुछ अपनी आवाज़ जैसी कोई चीज़ बची रह गई है: व्यंग्यप्रिय, गायों के लोभी, शास्त्रार्थ में निर्मम, और साथ ही वह पहले व्यक्ति जिन्होंने कहा कि परम तत्त्व का नाम नहीं लिया जा सकता।

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5. · Olivelle, Patrick (trad.). Upaniṣads. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. · Müller, F. Max (trad.). The Upanishads, Part II (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 15). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1884. Incluye la Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad. · Eggeling, Julius (trad.). The Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa according to the Text of the Mādhyandina School, 5 vols. (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 12, 26, 41, 43, 44). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1882–1900. · Black, Brian. The Character of the Self in Ancient India: Priests, Kings, and Women in the Early Upaniṣads. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

कालक्रम

जीवन, वर्ष-दर-वर्ष

प्रत्येक बिंदु एक प्रमाणित घटना है। उसे स्रोत और निश्चितता के स्तर सहित पढ़ने के लिए क्लिक करें।

  1. VIIIवीं सदी ई.पू. – 600 ई.पू.

    The ritualist of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

    The ritual opinions attributed to Yājñavalkya in books 1–5 and 11–13 of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa reflect, according to Witzel, the late Vedic period before the Buddha. The range is an estimate, not a date.

    संभावित

  2. VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

    Revelation of the White Yajus (according to tradition)

    The Bṛhadāraṇyaka (6.5.3) credits Yājñavalkya Vājasaneya with proclaiming the "white" Yajus formulas received from the Sun; the Purāṇas add the story of Vaiśaṃpāyana and the partridges.

    परंपरा

  3. VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

    The debate of the thousand cows

    At Janaka's sacrifice Yājñavalkya answers nine interlocutors, including Gārgī Vācaknavī and Uddālaka Āruṇi (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.1–3.9). It is a literary account of uncertain date.

    परंपरा

  4. VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

    The teachings to Janaka

    The light of man, the states of waking, dreaming and deep sleep, death and rebirth, and "neti neti" (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 4.1–4.4).

    परंपरा

  5. VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

    Dialogue with Maitreyī and departure as an ascetic

    Before leaving household life he teaches Maitreyī the doctrine of the ātman (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4 and 4.5). Witzel regards it as the first textual case of a "proto-renouncer".

    परंपरा

  6. IIवीं सदी ई.पू. – 400

    Yājñavalkya in the Mahābhārata

    The Śāntiparvan (12.298 ff.) has him expound Sāṃkhya doctrine to Janaka. The epic took shape between the third century BCE and the fourth century CE.

    संभावित

  7. IVवीं सदी – 500

    Composition of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti

    Treatise on dharma in three books attributed to Yājñavalkya; Olivelle dates it to around the fourth or fifth century CE.

    संभावित

  8. XIवीं सदी

    Vijñāneśvara's Mitākṣarā

    Vijñāneśvara's commentary on the Yājñavalkya Smṛti (late eleventh or twelfth century) became the principal authority of Hindu law in much of India and, later, the basis of the "Hindu law" of British courts.

    संभावित

  9. 1884

    Max Müller's translation

    Max Müller publishes the Bṛhadāraṇyaka in volume 15 of the Sacred Books of the East, which made Yājñavalkya's dialogues known in the West.

    प्रमाणित

  10. 2019

    Olivelle's edition of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti

    Patrick Olivelle publishes the text and translation of the Smṛti in the Murty Classical Library of India.

    प्रमाणित

कृतियाँ

आवश्यक कृतियाँ

वे कृतियाँ जिनके बिना उनकी विरासत को समझा नहीं जा सकता।

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (The Great Forest Upaniṣad) — Yajnavalkya

परवर्ती संकलन · VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (The Great Forest Upaniṣad)

बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् (Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad)

The longest and probably the oldest of the Upaniṣads. It is traditionally divided into three sections: the Madhu-kāṇḍa (chapters 1–2), with the first dialogue between Yājñavalkya and Maitreyī; the Muni- or Yājñavalkya-kāṇḍa (3–4), with the debate at Janaka's court and the teachings to the king on the light of the ātman, the states of consciousness, death and "neti neti"; and the Khila-kāṇḍa (5–6), a supplement of doctrines and rites ending with the lists of teachers. It is the main source for the early form of the doctrine of karma and rebirth, and one of the textual foundations of Vedānta.

13 संस्करण · amazon.es

Yājñavalkya-kāṇḍa (Muni-kāṇḍa): the debate at Janaka's court and the teachings to the king — Yajnavalkya

पारंपरिक आरोपण · VIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

Yājñavalkya-kāṇḍa (Muni-kāṇḍa): the debate at Janaka's court and the teachings to the king

याज्ञवल्कीयकाण्ड / मुनिकाण्ड (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3–4)

Chapter 3 narrates the contest at the sacrifice of Janaka of Videha: Yājñavalkya answers Aśvala, Ārtabhāga, Bhujyu, Uṣasta, Kahola, Gārgī Vācaknavī, Uddālaka Āruṇi and Vidagdha Śākalya on ritual, death, karma, the "inner controller" (antaryāmin) and the imperishable (akṣara). Chapter 4 records his conversations with Janaka: the light of man, the states of waking, dreaming and deep sleep, death and rebirth, desire and liberation, and the doctrine of the ātman as "not this, not this". It ends with the second version of the dialogue with Maitreyī.

3 संस्करण · amazon.es

पारंपरिक आरोपण · VIIIवीं सदी ई.पू.

Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa (The Brāhmaṇa of a Hundred Paths)

शतपथब्राह्मण (Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa)

The longest of the Vedic prose treatises on sacrifice. It explains, rite by rite, the meaning of the new- and full-moon offerings, the soma sacrifice, the great fire altar (agnicayana), royal consecration and the horse sacrifice, and includes famous narratives such as the flood and Manu, Purūravas and Urvaśī, and Videgha Māthava, which tells of the eastward spread of the sacrificial fire. Its later books contain the first speculative debates (brahmodya) involving Yājñavalkya, Uddālaka Āruṇi and Janaka.

उपलब्ध नहीं पुस्तक देखें

4 संस्करण

Yājñavalkya Smṛti (Yājñavalkya's Treatise on Dharma) — Yajnavalkya

पारंपरिक आरोपण · IVवीं सदी

Yājñavalkya Smṛti (Yājñavalkya's Treatise on Dharma)

याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृति (Yājñavalkya Smṛti)

About a thousand verses in three books: conduct (ācāra), legal procedure (vyavahāra) and expiation (prāyaścitta). More concise and systematic than the Laws of Manu, it gives priority to documentary evidence, describes the trial in four stages (plaint, answer, proof and verdict) and grants women broader inheritance rights. It also includes passages on medicine, embryology and yoga. With Vijñāneśvara's Mitākṣarā commentary (eleventh–twelfth century) it was the main authority of Hindu law across much of India and the basis of the "Hindu law" applied by British courts.

5 संस्करण

वचन

किसी निश्चित कृति में स्थित वचन। प्रत्येक के साथ उसका स्रोत और विश्वसनीयता का स्तर है।

It is not for the love of the husband, my dear, that a husband is loved, but for the love of the ātman. […] It is the ātman, my dear, that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon, Maitreyī.

न वा अरे पत्युः कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवति । … आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यो मैत्रेयि ।

सत्यापितBṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 2.4.5 (traducción propia del sánscrito)

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अंतिम शब्द

उनके अंतिम शब्दों का कोई सत्यापन-योग्य अभिलेख उपलब्ध नहीं है।

There is no record of his death or of his last words. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka closes his story with a departure, not a death: the last words the text gives him are those addressed to Maitreyī, "such, my dear, is immortality" (etāvad are khalv amṛtatvam), after which "Yājñavalkya went away" (4.5.15). They are not last words in a biographical sense. What the Purāṇas and the local traditions of Mithilā tell afterwards is late hagiography.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

पूछें

उनकी कृतियाँ क्या उत्तर देती हैं

मानवता के बारह महान प्रश्न और उनके ग्रंथ उनका जो उत्तर देने देते हैं, संदर्भों सहित। हम कभी उनके मुख में अपने शब्द नहीं रखते।

  • परम सत्य क्या है? क्या ईश्वर है?

    «Not this, not this»: the ultimate cannot be the object of any knowing

    अनिर्वचनीयस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, Yājñavalkya designates the ātman, identical with brahman, by the formula «not this, not this» (neti neti): it is ungraspable because it cannot be grasped, indestructible because it is not destroyed. To Gārgī he describes the imperishable (akṣara) through a long series of negations —neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long, with no inside or outside— and, at the same time, as that under whose command the sun and moon are held apart. The reason for so much negation is epistemological: the ultimate is the knower, and he asks Maitreyī by what the knower could be known. It is not nihilism; it is the impossibility of turning into an object what is the subject of all knowing.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मैं कौन हूँ? क्या कोई सच्चा आत्म है?

    The ātman sees without being seen: it is its own light and is brahman

    आत्मन् ही ब्रह्म हैस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Yājñavalkya defines the ātman as the ultimate subject of experience: the one who sees without being seen, hears without being heard, thinks without being thought and knows without being known (3.7.23). When King Janaka asks him what the light of a person is once the sun and moon have set, the fire has gone out and the voice is silent, he answers that the ātman is then its own light (4.3.6). That ātman persists in waking, dream and deep sleep, where it becomes «one ocean, without a second» (4.3.32). And Yājñavalkya identifies it plainly with the principle of everything: «this ātman is brahman» (4.4.5). The true self is not the body or the mind, but what illumines them and cannot be known as an object.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • हम दुःख क्यों भोगते हैं?

    Everything other than the ātman is afflicted

    हम क्या हैं, इसका अज्ञानस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    In the debate at Janaka's court, Yājñavalkya closes several of his answers with the same phrase: what is other than the ātman is afflicted (ārta). He says it to Uṣasta, to Kahola and to Uddālaka Āruṇi, after describing the ātman as the one who sees without being seen (3.4.2; 3.5.1; 3.7.23). Suffering is thus tied to living turned towards what is perceived as something else, instead of recognising oneself in the subject who perceives it. Before Janaka he adds the mechanism: a person is made of desire; as is his desire, so is his will, as his will, so his action, and as his action, so he becomes (4.4.5). Whoever knows the ātman, he tells Kahola, leaves behind hunger, thirst, sorrow, delusion, old age and death.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मृत्यु के बाद क्या होता है?

    As a caterpillar moves from blade to blade, the ātman passes to another body

    कर्म के अनुसार पुनर्जन्मस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    The Bṛhadāraṇyaka contains, in Yājñavalkya's mouth, one of the first formulations of transmigration according to one's deeds. What he discusses alone with Ārtabhāga, away from the debate, is action: one becomes good by good action and bad by bad (3.2.13). Before Janaka he describes death: the senses gather in the heart, and the ātman, with its knowledge, its deeds and its past experience, leaves the body like a caterpillar that reaches for another blade before letting go of the last, or like a goldsmith who gives gold a new and more beautiful form (4.4.3–4). As is his desire, so will be his action, and as his action, so he will become. But one who desires nothing, whose only desire is the ātman, does not transmigrate: being brahman, he goes to brahman (4.4.6).

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मुक्ति या उद्धार कैसे प्राप्त होता है?

    Whoever knows the ātman and desires nothing more becomes brahman

    प्रत्यक्ष ज्ञान सेस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    For the Yājñavalkya of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, liberation is knowledge. He tells Maitreyī that it is the ātman that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon, for by knowing it everything is known (2.4.5). He teaches Janaka that one who desires nothing, whose only desire is the ātman, does not transmigrate: being brahman, he goes to brahman (4.4.6). That knowledge goes together with renunciation: the brahmins who know the ātman, he says, give up the desire for sons, wealth and worlds, and live on alms (3.5.1). Ritual, Vedic study, generosity and austerity serve to make one wish to know it (4.4.22), but do not produce it. He himself, before departing as an ascetic, proposes to divide his goods between his two wives.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या गुरु आवश्यक है?

    Knowledge is won in debate and passes through a lineage of teachers

    संघ और परंपराउनके सिद्धांत से निष्कर्षित

    Yājñavalkya appears in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka within a network of teachers and disciples. He is presented as a pupil of Uddālaka Āruṇi (6.3.7) and in turn teaches King Janaka, his wife Maitreyī and those who question him at court. Knowledge is tested in public, in the theological debate (brahmodya) for Janaka's thousand cows, where Yājñavalkya answers eight opponents, and transmitted in private, as when he withdraws with Ārtabhāga to speak of action. The Upaniṣad closes its sections with lists of lineages (vaṃśa) that trace the teaching from teacher to teacher back to its source. The text contains no thesis on the need for a teacher: what it shows is that knowledge of the ātman lives in a community that debates, transmits and tests.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या संसार वास्तविक है?

    Where there is something like duality, one sees the other

    एक सत्य पर आभासउनके सिद्धांत से निष्कर्षित

    Yājñavalkya does not deny that the world exists: he explains to Gārgī that all that is above the sky, below the earth and between them is woven on space, and space on the imperishable (3.8). But he introduces a decisive distinction. He tells Maitreyī that where there is «something like duality» (dvaitam iva) one sees, hears and knows the other; when everything has become one's own ātman, with what and whom would one see? (2.4.14). Multiplicity belongs to ordinary experience; in the ultimate vision there is no second. Verses he quotes before Janaka add that there is no diversity here at all, and that whoever sees as if there were goes from death to death (4.4.19). The world is real as that in which the ātman is manifest, not as something separate from it.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • प्रेम क्या है?

    The husband is not loved for the husband's sake, but for the ātman

    विरह और मिलनस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Yājñavalkya's most famous passage on love is in his farewell dialogue with Maitreyī. Before leaving as an ascetic he offers to divide his goods; she asks whether wealth would make her immortal, and he answers with a teaching: it is not for love of the husband that the husband is dear, but for love of the ātman; and likewise the wife, the sons, wealth, the gods and all beings (2.4.5). All love has the ātman as its ultimate object, and that is why it is the ātman that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon. Love, then, is not rejected: one discovers what it was always seeking. Beneath every bond lies a longing for the one thing that is not lost, and wisdom consists in recognising it.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या हम स्वतंत्र हैं, या सब कुछ पूर्वनिर्धारित है?

    As is one's desire, so is one's will; as one's action, so one becomes

    कर्म और चुनावस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    The Bṛhadāraṇyaka ascribes to Yājñavalkya an early and precise formulation of the relation between action and destiny. Before Janaka he explains that a person is made of desire: as is his desire, so is his will; as his will, so his action; and according to the action he performs, so he becomes (4.4.5). As one acts and behaves, so one becomes: the one who does good becomes good; the one who does evil, evil. The past conditions, because at death the ātman departs accompanied by its deeds and experience; but the chain begins in desire, and that is why it can be broken. One who desires nothing, whose only desire is the ātman, leaves it. Responsibility thus rests on what each person desires and does.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • ध्यान या प्रार्थना क्यों करें?

    It is the ātman that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon

    'मैं' के स्रोत पर लौटनास्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    The phrase Yājñavalkya addresses to Maitreyī —it is the ātman, my dear, that must be seen, heard, reflected on and meditated upon (2.4.5)— became the programme of Vedāntic practice: hearing the teaching (śravaṇa), reflecting on it (manana) and meditating on it until it becomes evident (nididhyāsana). What is meditated on is not an image or an external god, but the subject itself: the one who sees without being seen and knows without being known. His dialogues with Janaka traverse the states of waking, dream and deep sleep to show what remains in all three, and ask the knower to become calm, restrained, withdrawn, patient and collected, and to see the ātman in himself (4.4.23).

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या बुद्धि परम को जान सकती है?

    By what could one know the knower?

    परम मन से परे हैस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Yājñavalkya is a master of debate: at Janaka's court he answers eight opponents and wins the king's thousand cows. And yet what he defends with arguments is that the ultimate cannot be reached by them. To Uṣasta, who asks him to show the ātman as one points to a cow, he replies that one cannot see the seer of seeing or think the thinker of thought (3.4.2). He asks Maitreyī by what one could know the knower (2.4.14). To Gārgī, who insists on asking on what brahman is woven, he warns her not to ask too much, or her head will fall off (3.6.1). Reasoning can clear away errors and point towards the subject, but the subject never becomes an object of thought.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • संसार से हटें या उसे बदलें?

    Those who know the ātman leave sons, wealth and worlds, and beg

    पाने के लिए हटनास्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    The Bṛhadāraṇyaka presents Yājñavalkya on the point of «going forth» from his home to lead a wandering life: before leaving he wishes to divide his goods between his two wives, and Maitreyī asks for his teaching instead (2.4.1; 4.5.2). In Janaka's debate he describes the knowers of the ātman as those who, giving up the desire for sons, wealth and worlds, live on alms (3.5.1). Knowledge of the ātman leads to detachment from everything else, and detachment is expressed in a way of life. Michael Witzel regards him as the first textual case of a «proto-renouncer», prior to the systematisation of the stages of life. The late Upaniṣads of renunciation made him the teacher par excellence of saṃnyāsa.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें

निकटता और तनाव

निकटता और तनाव

उनके मतों के आधार पर प्रश्न-दर-प्रश्न आकलित। प्रत्येक सहमति या टकराव का कारण क्लिक करने पर।

इनसे मिलता-जुलता सोचते हैं

इनसे भिन्न सोचते हैं

प्रसंग और वृत्तांत

प्रसंग और वृत्तांत

प्रमाणितépoca védica tardía (ss. VII–VI a. C., según la datación del texto)

The thousand cows with gold on their horns

Janaka, king of Videha, held a sacrifice with lavish gifts attended by the brahmins of Kuru and Pañcāla. Wishing to know which of them was the most learned, he set aside a thousand cows, each with ten gold coins tied to its horns: "Venerable brahmins, let the one most versed in brahman drive them away." No one dared. Then Yājñavalkya said to his pupil: "Sāmaśravas, my dear, drive them away." The brahmins, outraged, wondered how he could claim to be the wisest, and Aśvala, Janaka's priest, challenged him. His answer is one of the most famous ironies in Vedic literature: "We pay homage to the one most versed in brahman; we just want the cows." Thus begins chapter 3 of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka, which then strings together the questions of nine interlocutors. Witzel links the episode to other sayings in the Śatapatha in which Yājñavalkya shows the same practical attachment to cows.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.1.1–2 (parallel in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 11.6.3). "Documented" means here that the story is in the text; it does not imply that the scene is historical.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

प्रमाणितépoca védica tardía

Gārgī and the two arrows

In Janaka's contest, Gārgī Vācaknavī is the only one who speaks twice. The first time she asks again and again on what the support of the world is woven: water on air, air on the intermediate space, and so on up to the worlds of brahman. Yājñavalkya stops her: "Gārgī, do not ask too much, lest your head fall off; you are asking too much about a deity about whom one must not ask." She falls silent. Later she asks the assembly for permission to put two more questions to him and compares them to two arrows that a warrior of Kāśī or Videha fits to his taut bow. He answers that everything is woven on space, and space on the imperishable, which is neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long, and which sees without being seen. Gārgī then declares before the brahmins that none of them will defeat him in a debate about brahman. Brian Black and Steven Lindquist have studied her role as the interlocutor who brings the debate to a close.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.6 and 3.8. Later traditions turn her into a philosopher of Janaka's court or, in one manuscript of the Yoga Yājñavalkya, into Yājñavalkya's wife; none of this is in the Upaniṣad.

स्रोत: Lindquist, Steven E. «Gender at Janaka's Court: Women in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad Reconsidered». Journal of Indian Philosophy 36 (2008): 405–426.

प्रमाणितépoca védica tardía

The death of Śākalya

The last to challenge Yājñavalkya at Janaka's court is Vidagdha Śākalya, who questions him about the number of the gods: three thousand three hundred and six, he answers, and then thirty-three, six, three, two, one and a half, and finally one. Śākalya presses on and asks about the "persons" who dwell in each region of the cosmos. In the end Yājñavalkya warns him that if he cannot explain the person of the Upaniṣads his head will shatter. Śākalya cannot, and his head shatters; robbers steal his bones, thinking they are something else. Steven Lindquist has read the scene as a "literary death": the text builds Yājñavalkya's authority through the fatal defeat of his rival, and the threat of the shattered head is a formula of Vedic debate that the Śatapatha also uses in other contexts.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.9 (with a parallel in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 11.6.3 and in Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa 2.76–77, according to Witzel). The analysis is Lindquist's (2011).

स्रोत: Lindquist, Steven E. «Literary Lives and a Literal Death: Yājñavalkya, Śākalya, and an Upaniṣadic Death Sentence». Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79, n.º 1 (2011): 33–57.

प्रमाणितépoca védica tardía

"I eat it, provided it is tender"

In its description of the consecration rite (dīkṣā), the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa lays down that the flesh of cow or ox must not be eaten, because both animals support everything here on earth; whoever ate it, it warns, would be reborn as a strange being of ill repute. The next sentence breaks the normative tone: "Yet Yājñavalkya said: I, for one, eat it, provided it is tender." Witzel sees in this retort, which he also renders "provided it is fatty", Yājñavalkya's personal style in the ritual passages: short, ironic and defiant replies that dismantle a new rule with practical sense. The same voice appears when the sage, already old, looks at his grey-haired arms and remarks that he has performed the rites of his school all his life without breath having left him.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 3.1.2.21 (and 3.8.2.24 for the scene of the grey-haired arms), following Eggeling's translation and Witzel's analysis (2003).

स्रोत: Witzel, Michael. «Yājñavalkya as Ritualist and Philosopher, and His Personal Language». En Siamak Adhami (ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 103–143.

संत-चरित वृत्तांतrelato purāṇico (primer milenio d. C.)

The pupil who vomited the Veda

According to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, Yājñavalkya was a pupil of Vaiśaṃpāyana, the master of the Yajurveda. When the latter committed a grave fault and asked his pupils to do penance for him, Yājñavalkya offered to do it alone, scorning his fellow students. Offended, Vaiśaṃpāyana ordered him to give back everything he had learned. Yājñavalkya vomited the formulas, stained with blood, and the other pupils, turned into partridges (tittiri), picked them up: hence the name of the Taittirīya recension of the "black" Yajurveda. Yājñavalkya then turned to the Sun, which in the form of a horse (vājin) revealed to him new formulas unknown to his former teacher: those of the "white" Yajurveda, whose followers are called Vājasaneyins. The story also appears in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, and Yājñavalkya himself recalls it in the Mahābhārata.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Viṣṇu Purāṇa 3.5 and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 12.6. It does not come from the Taittirīya Upaniṣad, as is sometimes said, but from the Purāṇas, which thus explain the names of the two schools of the Yajurveda. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka (6.5.3) says only that the white formulas come from the Sun.

स्रोत: Dutt, Manmatha Nath (trad.). A Prose English Translation of Vishnupuranam. Calcuta, 1896; libro III, cap. 5 (la historia de Yājñavalkya y Vaiśaṃpāyana). Project Gutenberg n.º 66208. Véase también H. H. Wilson, The Vishńu Puráńa, Londres, 1840.

प्रमाणितépoca védica tardía

Janaka offers himself as a slave

The fourth book of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka tells of a longer conversation between Yājñavalkya and Janaka. The sage, the text says, had come to court intending not to speak, but the king was entitled to a question because Yājñavalkya had once granted him a wish. Janaka asks what the light of man is, and from there unfolds an exposition of waking, dreaming, deep sleep, death and liberation. Several times the king, moved, promises a thousand cows and asks him to continue "for the sake of liberation". At the end, when Yājñavalkya has described the ātman as "not this, not this", fearless and immortal, Janaka replies: "I give you the Videhas, and myself with them, to be your slaves." The scene inverts the hierarchy between king and brahmin and has been read as a claim for the superiority of knowledge over power.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 4.3.1–4.4.23 (the final sentence at 4.4.23). The reading of the relation between king and brahmin is Black's (2007).

स्रोत: Black, Brian. The Character of the Self in Ancient India: Priests, Kings, and Women in the Early Upaniṣads. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.

शिक्षाएँ

शिक्षाएँ

वे अवधारणाएँ जो उनके चिंतन को रूप देती हैं, उनके संदर्भ में समझाई गई।

Neti neti ("not this, not this")neti-neti
The formula with which the Bṛhadāraṇyaka designates the ātman or brahman: it cannot be described by any attribute, because anything said of it would turn it into one object among others. Yājñavalkya uses it before Śākalya, before Janaka and before Maitreyī, and accompanies it with a series of explained negations: the ātman is ungraspable because it cannot be grasped, indestructible because it is not destroyed, unattached because it does not cling, it neither suffers nor is harmed. It is not nihilism: the negation points to the knower, which cannot be known as an object. Śaṅkara made this method of negation (apavāda) one of the central tools of Advaita, and later tradition has turned it into a practice of discrimination between what is perceived and the perceiver.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.3.6, 3.9.26, 4.2.4, 4.4.22, 4.5.15 (Kāṇva recension). Gauḍapāda quotes it in the Māṇḍūkya Kārikā 3.26.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

Ātman (the self)atman
In Yājñavalkya's dialogues the ātman is the ultimate subject of experience: what sees without being seen, hears without being heard and knows without being known. It is "its own light" when all other lights go out, it persists through the three states of waking, dreaming and deep sleep, and it is that for whose sake everything else is loved. Yājñavalkya identifies it with brahman, the principle of everything, and with the "inner controller" (antaryāmin) that governs each element of the cosmos from within. The identity of ātman and brahman found in these texts is the foundation of Vedānta, although later schools interpret it differently: strict identity (Advaita), identity in difference or dependence (Viśiṣṭādvaita, Dvaita).

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.4–3.7, 4.3–4.5.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

Karma and rebirthkarman-y-renacimiento
The Bṛhadāraṇyaka contains one of the first formulations of the idea that action determines one's fate after death. At Janaka's contest Yājñavalkya withdraws with Ārtabhāga to speak in private, and what they discuss is action: "one becomes good by good action, and bad by bad action". Before Janaka he develops the doctrine: a person is made of desire; as is his desire, so is his resolve; as is his resolve, so is his action; and as is his action, so he becomes. At death the ātman passes to another body like a caterpillar that reaches for a blade of grass before letting go of the previous one, or like a goldsmith who gives a piece of gold a new and more beautiful form. Whoever desires nothing, by contrast, does not transmigrate: being brahman, he goes to brahman. Witzel notes that the same Yājñavalkya of the Śatapatha mocks the most radical aspect of the doctrine, rebirth as animals.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.2.13 and 4.4.2–7; Witzel 2003.

स्रोत: Witzel, Michael. «Yājñavalkya as Ritualist and Philosopher, and His Personal Language». En Siamak Adhami (ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 103–143.

Akṣara (the imperishable)akshara
In Gārgī's second intervention Yājñavalkya answers that everything above the sky, below the earth and between them, past, present and future, is woven on space, and space on the imperishable. He describes it with a long series of negations — neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long, without shadow, without darkness, without air, without space, without taste, without smell, without eyes, without ears, without inside or outside — and at the same time as the power by whose command the sun and moon, heaven and earth are held apart and the days, seasons and years run their course. He concludes that it is the one who sees without being seen, and that apart from it there is no other seer. The notion of akṣara, which also means "syllable", was later greatly developed in the Bhagavad Gītā and in Vedānta.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.8.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

Antaryāmin (the inner controller)antaryamin
To Uddālaka Āruṇi, who asks him about the "thread" that binds this world and the next and about the "inner controller" of all beings, Yājñavalkya answers that the thread is the wind and that the inner controller is the one who dwells in earth, water, fire, the sun, the senses and the mind, distinct from each of them, whom none of them knows, whose body they are and whom he governs from within. "He is your ātman, the inner controller, the immortal." The doctrine was particularly important in Rāmānuja's Viśiṣṭādvaita, which read in it the relation between the Lord and the world as that of a soul to its body.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.7.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.

Renunciation (saṃnyāsa)renuncia-samnyasa
The Bṛhadāraṇyaka presents Yājñavalkya about to "go forth" (pravrajiṣyan) from his home to lead a wandering life, and describes the knowers of the ātman who, renouncing the desire for sons, wealth and worlds, live on alms. Witzel regards him as the first textual case of a "proto-renouncer", earlier than the systematization of the stages of life (āśrama). The late Upaniṣads of renunciation, such as the Jābāla and the Yājñavalkya Upaniṣad, made the sage the teacher par excellence of saṃnyāsa, and Śaṅkara relied on these passages to argue that knowledge of brahman requires renunciation.

Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.5.1, 4.4.22, 4.5.1; Olivelle 1992.

स्रोत: Olivelle, Patrick (trad.). The Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1992 (incluye la Jābāla y la Yājñavalkya Upaniṣad).

वीडियो

वीडियो

रिकॉर्डिंग, साक्षात्कार और वृत्तचित्र। वीडियो YouTube से चलते हैं; वे यहाँ संग्रहीत नहीं हैं।

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चित्रशाला

चित्रशाला

सत्यापित लाइसेंस वाले चित्र। प्रत्येक में उसके रचयिता और श्रेय का उल्लेख सुरक्षित है।

पांडुलिपियाँ

पांडुलिपियाँ

पांडुलिपि-साक्ष्य और प्राचीन पाठ, उनके संरक्षक और अध्ययन की शर्तों सहित।

  • SA · Devanagari · c. ss. VII–VI a. C. (Olivelle)

    बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद् (adhyāya 1, folio 3b)

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    शतपथब्राह्मण (kāṇḍa 14, prapāṭhaka 3–4)

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    योगयाज्ञवल्क्य

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संबंध

संबंध

प्रभाव, शिष्यत्व और वैचारिक निकटता। प्रमाणित संबंध को विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता से अलग दर्शाया गया है।

  • इनसे मतभेद

    Uddalaka Aruni

    Debate on the "thread" and the "inner controller" (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.7), which Uddālaka loses.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनके शिष्य

    Uddalaka Aruni

    The Bṛhadāraṇyaka's lists of teachers make him a pupil of Uddālaka Āruṇi: in the list for the mantha rite (6.3.7, Kāṇva recension) and in the final lineage, "Yājñavalkya from Uddālaka; Uddālaka from Aruṇa"; in 3.7 Uddālaka questions him at Janaka's court and falls silent. Witzel regards them as contemporaries.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनके गुरु

    Janaka de Videha

    King of Videha, organizer of the contest and Yājñavalkya's pupil in Bṛhadāraṇyaka 4.1–4.4 and Śatapatha 11.6.2.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनसे भेंट

    Gārgī Vācaknavī

    His interlocutor in Bṛhadāraṇyaka 3.6 and 3.8.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनके परिवार से

    Maitreyī

    One of his two wives, together with Kātyāyanī; recipient of the dialogue on the ātman (Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4 and 4.5).

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इन्हें प्रभावित किया

    Adi Shankara

    Śaṅkara wrote an extensive commentary on the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and based much of his doctrine of the ātman and of renunciation on Yājñavalkya's dialogues.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इन्हें प्रभावित किया

    Gaudapada

    The Māṇḍūkya Kārikā (3.26) quotes the Bṛhadāraṇyaka's "neti neti" as proof that scripture denies all difference.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनसे प्रभावित

    Vyasa

    According to the Purāṇas, Yājñavalkya was a pupil of Vaiśaṃpāyana, himself a pupil of Vyāsa, who is said to have divided the Veda. This is a traditional lineage, not a historical fact.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Kapila

    The Yājñavalkya of the Mahābhārata (12.298 ff.) expounds to Janaka the Sāṃkhya doctrine that tradition attributes to Kapila.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Patañjali

    The Yoga Yājñavalkya expands the eight-limbed yoga of the Yoga Sūtras (ten restraints and ten observances instead of five and five).

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Ramana Maharshi

    Ramana's "Who am I?" inquiry and his description of the self as an objectless witness recall "neti neti" and the ātman that sees without being seen.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Nisargadatta Maharaj

    His method of denying identification with body and mind has a clear precedent in "not this, not this".

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Meister Eckhart

    A classic comparison in comparative philosophy (Rudolf Otto, among others) between Eckhart's negative way and the ungraspable ātman of the Upaniṣads.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

स्रोत

स्रोत

इस प्रविष्टि के लिए देखे गए ग्रंथ-सूची और सूचीपत्र।

  1. Wikidata, «Yajnavalkya», QID Q1423663.
  2. Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). The Early Upaniṣads: Annotated Text and Translation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1998 (South Asia Research). Introducción (datación, pp. 12–13) y Bṛhadāraṇyaka 2.4, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 6.5.
  3. Olivelle, Patrick (trad.). Upaniṣads. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  4. Müller, F. Max (trad.). The Upanishads, Part II (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 15). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1884. Incluye la Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad.
  5. Eggeling, Julius (trad.). The Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa according to the Text of the Mādhyandina School, 5 vols. (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 12, 26, 41, 43, 44). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1882–1900.
  6. Witzel, Michael. «Yājñavalkya as Ritualist and Philosopher, and His Personal Language». En Siamak Adhami (ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2003, pp. 103–143.
  7. Brereton, Joel P. «The Composition of the Maitreyī Dialogue in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad». Journal of the American Oriental Society 126, n.º 3 (2006): 323–345.
  8. Black, Brian. The Character of the Self in Ancient India: Priests, Kings, and Women in the Early Upaniṣads. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.
  9. Lindquist, Steven E. «Literary Lives and a Literal Death: Yājñavalkya, Śākalya, and an Upaniṣadic Death Sentence». Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79, n.º 1 (2011): 33–57.
  10. Olivelle, Patrick (ed. y trad.). Yājñavalkya: A Treatise on Dharma. Murty Classical Library of India 20. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2019. Introducción, pp. vii–xxxvii.
  11. Mohan, A. G., con Ganesh Mohan (trad.). Yoga Yājñavalkya. 2.ª ed. Singapur: Svastha Yoga, 2013.
  12. Dutt, Manmatha Nath (trad.). A Prose English Translation of Vishnupuranam. Calcuta, 1896; libro III, cap. 5 (la historia de Yājñavalkya y Vaiśaṃpāyana). Project Gutenberg n.º 66208. Véase también H. H. Wilson, The Vishńu Puráńa, Londres, 1840.
  13. Mahābhārata, Śāntiparvan 12.298 y ss. (edición crítica de Poona): diálogo de Yājñavalkya y Janaka (Daivarāti). Trad. inglesa de Kisari Mohan Ganguli, The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Calcuta, 1883–1896.
  14. Wikipedia (en inglés), «Yajnavalkya», consultada el 26 de octubre de 2026.
  15. Hume, Robert Ernest (trad.). The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1921.
  16. Herold, A.-Ferdinand (trad.). L'Upanishad du grand Aranyaka (Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad). París: Librairie de l'art indépendant, 1894.
  17. Wikisource en sánscrito, «बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्» (texto sánscrito, seis adhyāya).
  18. Röer, Edward, y W. A. Montriou (trads.). Hindu Law and Judicature from the Dharma-Sástra of Yájnavalkya. Calcuta, 1859. Project Gutenberg n.º 21918.
  19. Divanji, Prahlad Chandrashekhar (ed.). Yoga-Yājñavalkya: A Treatise on Yoga as Taught by Yogī Yājñavalkya. Bombay: Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954.
  20. Wikipedia (en inglés), «Yoga Yajnavalkya» y «Yajnavalkya Smriti» (resumen de las dataciones de Divanji, Mohan, White, Wujastyk y Olivelle), consultadas el 26 de octubre de 2026.
  21. Ilárraz, Félix G., y Óscar Pujol (trads.). La sabiduría del bosque: antología de las principales Upaniṣad. Madrid: Trotta, 2003.
  22. Martín, Consuelo (trad.). Gran Upaniṣad del Bosque (Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad), con el comentario advaita de Śaṅkara. Madrid: Trotta, 2002.
  23. Wikisource en sánscrito, «याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृतिः» (texto de la Yājñavalkya Smṛti por prakaraṇa).
  24. Wikisource en sánscrito, «शतपथब्राह्मणम्» (texto del Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa por kāṇḍa).
  25. Deussen, Paul (trad.). Sechzig Upanishad's des Veda. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, 1897.
  26. Wikimedia Commons, ficheros y metadatos de licencia consultados mediante la API (imageinfo/extmetadata).
  27. Olivelle, Patrick (trad.). The Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 1992 (incluye la Jābāla y la Yājñavalkya Upaniṣad).
  28. Dvivedi, Manilal N. (trad.). The Māṇḍūkyopanishad with Gauḍapāda's Kārikās and the Bhāshya of Śaṅkara. Bombay: Tookaram Tatya, 1894 (Kārikā 3.26).
  29. Lindquist, Steven E. «Gender at Janaka's Court: Women in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad Reconsidered». Journal of Indian Philosophy 36 (2008): 405–426.
अधिकार-धारक
Los textos sánscritos (Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Yoga Yājñavalkya) son de dominio público. Las traducciones modernas tienen derechos propios: Oxford University Press (Olivelle; Hume hasta 2029 en España), Harvard University Press (Olivelle 2019), Trotta (Ilárraz y Pujol; Consuelo Martín), Penguin (Roebuck), Svastha Yoga (Mohan). Las de Müller (1884), Eggeling (1882–1900), Herold (1894), Deussen (1897), Stenzler (1849), Röer y Montriou (1859) y Vidyarnava (1918) son de dominio público.

पुष्टि की प्रतीक्षा में

जो यह प्रविष्टि अभी तक निश्चित नहीं कर सकी है। हम उसे भर देने के बजाय कह देना बेहतर समझते हैं।

  • Mahābhārata: confirmar en la edición crítica de Poona el final del diálogo de Yājñavalkya y Janaka (empieza en 12.298) y la equivalencia con las secciones de Ganguli; confirmar el año del volumen de Ganguli (Śānti Parva).
  • Bṛhad Yogi Yājñavalkya Smṛti: confirmar año y responsables de la edición de Kaivalyadhama y localizar el estudio de 2017 que revisa la tesis de White sobre la autoría común con el Yoga Yājñavalkya.
  • Yoga Yājñavalkya: comprobar en el libro la atribución a T. K. V. Desikachar de la edición del Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram (ISBN 9788187847007); Open Library no indica traductor.
  • Ediciones: buscar ISBN de traducciones al español, alemán, italiano, ruso e hindi de la Bṛhadāraṇyaka y de la Yājñavalkya Smṛti; confirmar el ISBN de la edición de Motilal de Deussen (Sixty Upanishads).
  • Sala de lectura: no se ha encontrado en Internet Archive un escaneo con OCR de Deussen, Sechzig Upanishad's des Veda (1897); no hay texto español de dominio público de la Bṛhadāraṇyaka en es.wikisource.
  • Relaciones: los slugs janaka-de-videha, gargi-vachaknavi y maitreyi no existen todavía en el Atlas.
  • Isibhāsiyāiṃ: localizar el capítulo exacto de «Jannavakka» en la edición de Schubring.
  • Vídeos: no se ha encontrado una clase universitaria monográfica en español ni un documental de televisión pública sobre Yājñavalkya.

2026-10-26 को शोधित