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Christentum · Christliche Mystik · Katholizismus

Ignatius of Loyola

1491 – 1556Historisch belegte Person

Baskischer Adliger aus Gipuzkoa (1491–1556), der 1521 in Pamplona verwundet wurde, sich während der Genesung bekehrte und Pilger wurde, Student in Alcalá, Salamanca und Paris und schließlich mit seinen Gefährten Gründer der Gesellschaft Jesu (1540), deren erster Generaloberer er war. Seine Geistlichen Übungen, aus der Erfahrung von Manresa hervorgegangen, sind eine Methode des Gebets und der Unterscheidung, die seit fünf Jahrhunderten Ordensleute und Laien prägt. Er hinterließ außerdem die Satzungen des Ordens, ein Geistliches Tagebuch, seinen diktierten autobiographischen Bericht und rund siebentausend Briefe.

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Retrato de Ignacio de Loyola

Retrato de Ignacio de Loyola · Public domain

In eigenen Worten

«Man is created to praise, reverence, and serve God our Lord, and by this means to save his soul.»

Ejercicios espirituales, [23] Principio y fundamento (trad. inglesa de Elder Mullan, 1914)

Der zentrale Gedanke

Principle and Foundation and indifference: The Principle and Foundation ([23]) opens the first week of the Exercises: human beings are created to praise, reverence and serve God, and all other things are created to help them toward that end; it follows that they should use them 'as much as' they help and rid themselves of them 'as much as' they hinder.

Biografie

5 Min. Lesezeit

Unterstützte Übersetzung aus dem spanischen Original, Durchsicht durch einen muttersprachlichen Übersetzer ausstehend.

Ein Nachgeborener aus Loyola

Íñigo López de Loyola wurde 1491 im Turmhaus von Loyola bei Azpeitia in Gipuzkoa geboren, als jüngstes der dreizehn Kinder von Beltrán Yáñez de Oñaz y Loyola und Marina Sánchez de Licona. Das Jahr stammt aus der jesuitischen Überlieferung, wie sie seine ersten Biographen festlegten; der Tag ist nicht bekannt, und er selbst widerspricht sich, als er seine Erinnerungen diktiert, in der Angabe seines Alters. Als Kind erhielt er die Tonsur, doch die Familie bestimmte ihn für den Hof: Um 1506 trat er als Page in das Haus von Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, dem Generalschatzmeister Kastiliens, in Arévalo ein, wo er höfische Umgangsformen, die Freude an den Waffen und die Lektüre von Ritterromanen kennenlernte. Ein 1515 in Azpeitia eröffnetes Verfahren wegen nächtlicher Vergehen, die er zur Fastnachtszeit gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Pero López begangen hatte, erinnert daran, dass diese Jugend wenig erbaulich war, und er selbst fasste sie später ohne Nachsicht zusammen: ein »den Eitelkeiten der Welt ergebener Mensch«.

Pamplona und die Genesung

Nachdem Velázquez in Ungnade gefallen und 1517 gestorben war, trat Íñigo in den Dienst des Herzogs von Nájera, des Vizekönigs von Navarra. Am 20. Mai 1521, während der französischen Belagerung Pamplonas, überredete er den Kommandanten der Festung zum Widerstand, als alle anderen sich ergeben wollten; eine Kanonenkugel fuhr ihm zwischen den Beinen hindurch und zerschmetterte eines davon. Die Franzosen ließen ihn in einer Sänfte nach Loyola zurückbringen, wo die Wundärzte den schlecht verheilten Knochen erneut brachen und auf seinen Wunsch hin den unterhalb des Knies hervorstehenden absägten, weil er das Bein verunstaltete und Íñigo »entschlossen war, der Welt zu folgen«. Während der Genesung verlangte er nach Ritterromanen; im Haus gab es nur die Vita Christi Ludolfs von Sachsen und einen Flos sanctorum in kastilischer Sprache. Beim Lesen begann er sich zu fragen, wie es wäre, wenn er täte, was der heilige Franziskus und der heilige Dominikus getan hatten, und bemerkte, dass manche Gedanken ihn trocken, andere froh zurückließen: So beschreibt er selbst seine erste Unterscheidung der Geister.

Montserrat, Manresa und Jerusalem

Im Februar 1522 verließ er Loyola. Auf dem Montserrat legte er eine dreitägige Generalbeichte ab, hängte Schwert und Dolch vor der Muttergottes auf, schenkte seine Kleider einem Armen und hielt in der Nacht vom 24. auf den 25. März nach dem Vorbild des Amadís Waffenwache. Danach blieb er fast ein Jahr in Manresa, bettelte, diente im Spital und betete viele Stunden in einer Höhle am Cardoner. Dort durchlitt er Skrupel, die ihn an Selbstmord denken ließen, und danach eine Reihe von Erleuchtungen; die wichtigste, am Fluss, ließ ihn zurück, »als wäre er ein anderer Mensch«. In jenen Monaten machte er die Aufzeichnungen, aus denen die Geistlichen Übungen hervorgehen sollten. 1523 pilgerte er über Rom und Venedig nach Jerusalem; die Franziskaner, die Hüter der heiligen Stätten, zwangen ihn zur Rückkehr, und 1524 kam er nach Barcelona zurück und fragte sich, was er nun tun solle.

Ein verdächtiger Student

Er beschloss zu studieren, »um den Seelen zu helfen«. In Barcelona lernte er Latein unter Kindern, ging 1526 nach Alcalá und 1527 nach Salamanca. In beiden Städten predigte er ohne akademischen Grad und scharte Anhänger in grobem Wollgewand um sich, was genügte, damit die Inquisition und die Dominikaner gegen ihn als mutmaßlichen alumbrado ermittelten: Zweiundvierzig Tage saß er in Alcalá in Haft, zweiundzwanzig in Salamanca, wo er jemandem, der ihn bemitleidete, antwortete, es gebe in der Stadt nicht so viele Fußfesseln und Ketten, dass er nicht aus Liebe zu Gott noch mehr ersehnte. Freigesprochen, aber mit dem Verbot belegt, vor Abschluss eines Studiums über Todsünde und lässliche Sünde zu lehren, zog er Anfang 1528 »allein und zu Fuß« nach Paris.

Die Gefährten von Paris

Im Collège de Montaigu und später in Sainte-Barbe teilte er das Zimmer mit dem Savoyer Pierre Favre und dem Navarresen Francisco de Jaso, Franz Xaver. Er gab ihnen die Exerzitien einzeln, und zu ihnen stießen Diego Laínez, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicolás de Bobadilla und Simão Rodrigues. Am 15. August 1534 legten die sieben in einer Kapelle auf dem Montmartre das Gelübde der Armut ab und gelobten, nach Jerusalem zu ziehen oder sich, falls sie binnen eines Jahres kein Schiff fänden, dem Papst zur Verfügung zu stellen. Íñigo, seit 1535 Magister der Künste, kehrte zur Erholung nach Azpeitia zurück und erregte den Anstoß seines Bruders, weil er um Almosen bettelte und im Spital der Magdalena Katechismusunterricht gab.

Rom und die Gesellschaft

1537 in Venedig vereint, dienten sie in Spitälern und wurden am 24. Juni zu Priestern geweiht. Der Krieg mit den Türken versperrte den Weg ins Heilige Land. Auf dem Weg nach Rom, in der Kapelle von La Storta, spürte Ignatius — so nannte er sich inzwischen — im November 1537, dass der Vater ihn zu seinem Sohn stellte; Laínez überlieferte die Worte »Ego vobis Romae propitius ero«. Im Frühjahr 1539 berieten die Gefährten, ob sie sich unter Gehorsam zusammenschließen sollten, und am 27. September 1540 bestätigte Paul III. die Gesellschaft Jesu mit der Bulle Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. Im April 1541 wurde Ignatius einstimmig — mit Ausnahme seiner eigenen Stimme — zum Generaloberen gewählt und legte am 22. in Sankt Paul vor den Mauern die Profess ab.

Fünfzehn Jahre in einer Kammer

Rom verließ er kaum noch. Aus den kleinen Räumen neben Santa Maria della Strada leitete er brieflich einen Orden, der bei seinem Tod rund tausend Mitglieder und etwa vierzig Kollegien zählte. Paul III. approbierte 1548 die Geistlichen Übungen; Ignatius verfasste mit seinem Sekretär Juan Alfonso de Polanco die Satzungen, gründete das Collegium Romanum (1551) und das Germanicum (1552), eröffnete das Haus Santa Marta für Frauen, die die Prostitution hinter sich ließen, und hinterließ fast siebentausend Briefe. Sein Geistliches Tagebuch von 1544–1545 offenbart unter der Prosa des Ordensoberen eine Mystik der Tränen, die um die Dreifaltigkeit kreist. Zwischen 1553 und 1555 diktierte er Luís Gonçalves da Câmara die Erzählung seines Lebens, in der er sich selbst »den Pilger« nennt.

Tod und Vermächtnis

Er starb im Morgengrauen des 31. Juli 1556, fast ohne dass seine Gemeinschaft den Ernst seines Zustands bemerkt hätte: Am Vortag hatte er Polanco gebeten, den Segen Papst Pauls IV. zu erbitten, der ihm nicht wohlgesinnt war, und Polanco hatte den Gang auf den nächsten Morgen verschoben. 1609 wurde er seliggesprochen und am 12. März 1622 zusammen mit Franz Xaver, Teresa von Ávila, Philipp Neri und Isidor dem Bauern heiliggesprochen. Sein Vermächtnis ist keine Lehre, sondern eine Methode: lernen, die inneren Regungen zu unterscheiden, in Freiheit zu wählen und »Gott in allen Dingen zu suchen und zu finden«. Die Geistlichen Übungen haben fünf Jahrhunderte lang Ordensleute und Laien verschiedener Konfessionen geprägt, und die Gesellschaft Jesu wurde zum größten Bildungsnetz der Kirche. Die historische Gestalt, weniger legendär als die des »bekehrten Soldaten«, ist die eines kleinen, hinkenden und geduldigen Mannes, der durch Zuhören zu leiten lernte.

Quellen: Ignacio de Loyola. Obras. Transcripción, introducciones y notas de Ignacio Iparraguirre, Cándido de Dalmases y Manuel Ruiz Jurado. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1991 (5.ª ed.). ISBN 9788479140342. · Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource. · Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library. · García-Villoslada, Ricardo. San Ignacio de Loyola: nueva biografía. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAC Maior), 1986. · Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio. Ignacio de Loyola, solo y a pie. Madrid: Cristiandad, 1986.

Zeitleiste

Das Leben, Jahr für Jahr

Jeder Punkt ist ein belegtes Ereignis. Klicken Sie, um es mit Quelle und Grad der Gewissheit zu lesen.

  1. 1491 · 0 Jahre

    Birth

    Íñigo is born, the youngest of thirteen children, in the tower house of the Oñaz and Loyola. The year is fixed by Jesuit tradition; the day is unknown.

    Wahrscheinlich

  2. um 1506

    Page at Arévalo

    He enters the household of Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, chief treasurer of Castile, where he is trained as a courtier until 1517.

    Wahrscheinlich

  3. 1515

    Lawsuit at Azpeitia

    He is prosecuted together with his brother Pero López for offences committed at night during carnival; the records survive.

    Belegt

  4. 20. Mai 1521 · 29 Jahre

    Wounded at Pamplona

    A cannonball shatters one of his legs during the French siege of the fortress. Convalescence at Loyola and reading of the Vita Christi and the Flos sanctorum.

    Belegt

  5. 25. März 1522

    Vigil of arms at Montserrat

    After a three-day general confession he leaves his sword and dagger before the Virgin, gives his clothes to a beggar and keeps vigil on the night of the Annunciation.

    Belegt

  6. 1522

    Manresa and the Cardoner

    Almost a year of prayer, penance and scruples; the 'great illumination' beside the river Cardoner and the first notes of the Exercises.

    Belegt

  7. 4. September 1523

    Pilgrim in Jerusalem

    He reaches Jerusalem; the Franciscan custodians order him to leave and he returns to Barcelona in 1524.

    Belegt

  8. 1527

    Trials and prison

    Investigated as a possible alumbrado, he spends 42 days in prison at Alcalá and 22 at Salamanca; he is forbidden to define mortal and venial sin.

    Belegt

  9. Februar 1528

    Arrival in Paris

    He arrives 'alone and on foot'; studies at Montaigu and at Sainte-Barbe, where he lives with Pierre Favre and Francis Xavier.

    Belegt

  10. 15. August 1534

    Vows of Montmartre

    With Favre, Xavier, Laínez, Salmerón, Bobadilla and Rodrigues he vows poverty and a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, or else to place himself at the pope's disposal.

    Belegt

  11. 24. Juni 1537

    Ordination to the priesthood

    He is ordained priest in Venice with several companions; he postpones his first Mass until Christmas 1538.

    Belegt

  12. November 1537

    Vision at La Storta

    On the road to Rome he feels that the Father places him with his Son; Laínez hands down the words 'Ego vobis Romae propitius ero'.

    Belegt

  13. 27. September 1540

    Approval of the Society of Jesus

    Paul III approves the Formula of the Institute with the bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae.

    Belegt

  14. 22. April 1541

    First superior general

    Elected general by his companions, he makes his profession with them at Saint Paul Outside the Walls.

    Belegt

  15. 2. Februar 1544

    The Spiritual Diary begins

    Until February 1545 he records his movements, tears and visions while discerning the poverty of the Society's churches.

    Belegt

  16. 31. Juli 1548

    Approval of the Exercises

    Brief Pastoralis officii of Paul III; the Latin version is printed in Rome that year.

    Belegt

  17. Februar 1551

    Roman College

    He founds the Roman College, origin of the Pontifical Gregorian University; the following year, the German College.

    Belegt

  18. 4. August 1553

    He dictates his account

    He begins to tell his life to Luís Gonçalves da Câmara; the sessions continue in 1555.

    Belegt

  19. 31. Juli 1556 · 64 Jahre

    Death

    He dies at dawn in the professed house; Polanco had gone to ask for Paul IV's blessing.

    Belegt

  20. 12. März 1622

    Canonisation

    Gregory XV canonises him with Francis Xavier, Teresa of Jesus, Philip Neri and Isidore the Farmer; he had been beatified in 1609.

    Belegt

Werke

Grundlegende Werke

Die Werke, ohne die sich das Vermächtnis nicht verstehen lässt.

Spiritual Exercises — Ignatius of Loyola

Schriftliches Werk · 1548

Spiritual Exercises

Ejercicios espirituales

It is not a book to be read but a manual for the person who gives the exercises to another. It is organised in four 'weeks' of flexible length: sin and mercy; the life of Christ and the choice of a state of life; the passion; the resurrection and the 'contemplation to attain love', which culminates in the prayer 'Take, Lord, and receive'. It is framed by the Principle and Foundation, the annotations, methods of examination and prayer, the rules for the discernment of spirits, for distributing alms, on scruples and 'for thinking with the Church'. Its novelty lies in a pedagogy of inner freedom: learning to recognise consolation and desolation in order to choose without disordered attachments.

12 Ausgaben · amazon.de

Autobiography (A Pilgrim's Testament) — Ignatius of Loyola

Aufgezeichnete mündliche Lehre · 1555

Autobiography (A Pilgrim's Testament)

Acta Patris Ignatii (Relato del peregrino)

It covers the years from Pamplona (1521) to his arrival in Rome (1538), with a short appendix on the writing of the Exercises and the Constitutions. It is a spiritual autobiography rather than a chronicle: Ignatius selects the episodes in which he learned to read 'the diversity of spirits' —the convalescence at Loyola, the scruples and the illumination at the Cardoner in Manresa, the journey to Jerusalem, the trials at Alcalá and Salamanca, the studies in Paris— and tells them with sobriety, irony and no hagiography. It is the main primary source for his conversion.

8 Ausgaben · amazon.com

Constitutions of the Society of Jesus — Ignatius of Loyola

Schriftliches Werk · um 1556

Constitutions of the Society of Jesus

Constituciones de la Compañía de Jesús

Ten parts that follow a Jesuit's path: admission, dismissal, formation of novices, studies and colleges (Part IV, the basis of Jesuit pedagogy), final incorporation, the life of the professed, missions, union of those dispersed, the general's government and the preservation of the body. They combine legal norms with spiritual criteria: obedience 'like a dead body' that lets itself be carried, apostolic mobility, poverty, and the principle of adapting everything 'to persons, times and places'. Ignatius deliberately left them open to revision.

4 Ausgaben · amazon.es

Spiritual Diary — Ignatius of Loyola

Handschrift · 1544

Spiritual Diary

Diario espiritual

A near-daily record of the movements, tears, visions and 'loquela' that accompanied Ignatius as he discerned whether the Society's churches should have fixed revenues. Written with abbreviations, signs and crossings-out, it shows both the method of election of the Exercises applied by their author and an intense Trinitarian and Eucharistic mysticism tied to the celebration of Mass. It is the most intimate document of his to survive.

4 Ausgaben · amazon.com

Zitate

Zitate, die in einem bestimmten Werk nachgewiesen sind. Jedes trägt seine Herkunft und seinen Grad an Verlässlichkeit.

Man is created to praise, reverence, and serve God our Lord, and by this means to save his soul.

El hombre es criado para alabar, hacer reverencia y servir a Dios nuestro Señor, y mediante esto salvar su ánima.

GeprüftEjercicios espirituales, [23] Principio y fundamento (trad. inglesa de Elder Mullan, 1914)

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Apokryphe Zitate oder Zitate umstrittener Zuschreibung (3)
  • «'Trust in God as if all success depended on you and nothing on God; yet put all your effort into it as if you did nothing and God did everything.'»

    A maxim from Gabriel Hevenesi's Scintillae Ignatianae (Vienna, 1705), with no literal counterpart in Ignatius's writings. It circulates in an inverted, simplified version ('Pray as if everything depended on God and work as if everything depended on you') that loses the paradox of the Latin original. It may sum up his spirit, but it is not his quotation.

  • «'Give me the child until he is seven and I will show you the man.'»

    It is attributed to the Jesuits generally, sometimes to Ignatius or Francis Xavier, with no source in their writings or in the sixteenth-century narrative sources. It is a modern attribution, often used polemically against Jesuit education.

  • «'Go and set the world on fire' (Ite, inflammate omnia).»

    A phrase widely spread in Jesuit tradition as Ignatius's farewell to his envoys, above all Francis Xavier. It does not appear in his letters or in the Autobiography; it is a formula of later piety.

Letzte Worte

Späterer Bericht von Zeugen

«Ah, God!»

¡Ay, Dios!

There was no solemn farewell: Ignatius died at dawn on 31 July 1556 with very few witnesses, while Polanco was on his way to the Vatican to ask for Paul IV's blessing. All that survives is the exclamation that the infirmarian brother Cannizaro believed he heard during the night, handed down in Polanco's letter of 6 August 1556 (Fontes narrativi I). José Ignacio Tellechea quotes it as 'Ay, Dios, Jesús'; other versions give only 'Ay, Dios!'. The short form, common to all, is recorded here.

Quelle: Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio. «Semblanza de Ignacio de Loyola». Conferencia en Forum Deusto, 24 de enero de 2006. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto. ISBN 978-84-9830-696-5.

Fragen

Was das Werk beantwortet

Zwölf große Fragen der Menschheit und was sich aus den Texten darauf antworten lässt, mit Belegen. Wir legen niemandem Worte in den Mund.

  • Was ist das Absolute? Gibt es Gott?

    God is Creator and Lord, who deals directly with the creature

    Ein persönlicher GottAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola begins, in the Principle and Foundation of the Spiritual Exercises, with a creator God to whom the human being is ordered: created to praise, reverence and serve him. This God is not distant: annotation 15 asks the one giving the exercises to let the Creator deal «immediately» with the creature. In the Contemplation to Attain Love, God dwells in creatures, labours for the human being in them, and descends like the rays of the sun. The Spiritual Diary of 1544 also shows an intense devotion to the three Persons of the Trinity, with tears and visions. The Absolute is for Ignatius a personal Lord who communicates his will and awaits a response.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Wer bin ich? Gibt es ein wahres Selbst?

    I am a creature made to praise and serve, and so save my soul

    Eine geschaffene, unsterbliche SeeleAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola defines the human being by its end: the Principle and Foundation of the Spiritual Exercises states that it was created to praise, reverence and serve God, and by this means save its soul. The self is not a fixed datum, but a freedom traversed by movements: the Exercises teach one to distinguish within oneself one's own thoughts and those that come from outside, from the good and the evil spirit, and to order disordered affections. To know oneself is to learn to read consolations and desolations. The true self is the one that, indifferent toward created things, chooses what most leads to the end for which it was created.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Warum leiden wir?

    Desolation has causes, and in it one makes no change

    Die Trennung von GottAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola does not build a theodicy; he offers discernment. In the Spiritual Exercises he calls desolation the darkness, disturbance, restlessness and lack of faith, hope and love in which the soul feels as if separated from its Creator. He assigns it three causes: one's own tepidity and negligence, the testing of one's worth without consolation, and the lesson that consolation is God's gift and not one's own merit. In time of desolation one should never change decisions already made. The first week also meditates on sin and its consequences. Spiritual suffering arises from estrangement and can become a school.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Was geschieht nach dem Tod?

    Decide as if one were at the point of death

    Ewiges Leben und AuferstehungAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola takes for granted the Christian faith in eternal life, judgement and the possibility of damnation, and puts it at the service of decision-making. The Principle and Foundation directs all of life toward saving the soul; the first week of the Exercises includes the meditation on hell with the five senses. More original is his use of death as a criterion for discernment: in the second way of making an election, he proposes considering what form and measure one would wish to have followed in the present choice if one were at the point of death, and how one will stand on the day of judgement. Death is not speculated upon: it is used to live truthfully.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Wie erlangt man Befreiung oder Erlösung?

    Exercise oneself to remove disordered affections and seek God's will

    Durch disziplinierte ÜbungAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola is, among Christian masters, the great author of a method. The first annotation of the Spiritual Exercises defines them as every way of examining one's conscience, meditating, contemplating and praying, and compares them to bodily exercise: just as walking and running are exercises of the body, these are of the soul, to remove all disordered affections and, once they are removed, to seek and find the divine will. Four weeks, with timetables, additions, examens and rules for discernment, lead to the election. But the method does not produce salvation: in each exercise it asks for the grace desired and lets the Creator act directly with the creature.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Braucht es einen Lehrer?

    The giver of the exercises lets the Creator deal with the creature

    Hilfreich, aber nicht unverzichtbarAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola defines precisely the role of the companion. The Spiritual Exercises are designed for someone to give them to another, and their annotations offer detailed advice: adapt the exercises to the person, do not give more than they can bear, help them discern the movements. But annotation 15 marks the limit: the one giving the exercises must not incline the one receiving them toward one choice or another, but stand in the middle like the pointer of a balance and let the Creator act directly with the creature. The teacher is useful and almost necessary to avoid self-deception, but does not take God's place.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Ist die Welt wirklich?

    Things are created to help the human being toward its end

    Eine gute und wirkliche SchöpfungAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola looks at the world in terms of its purpose. The Principle and Foundation of the Spiritual Exercises states that the other things on the face of the earth are created for the human being, to help him attain the end for which he was created; hence they should be used insofar as they help and set aside insofar as they hinder, becoming indifferent. But the Contemplation to Attain Love adds a deeper gaze: God dwells in the elements, in plants, in animals and in the human being, labours for him in all things, and all goods descend from above like the rays of the sun. The world is good creation and a place where God is found.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Was ist Liebe?

    Love is shown more in deeds than in words

    Liebe zu Gott und zum NächstenAusdrücklich gesagt

    The Contemplation to Attain Love, which closes the Spiritual Exercises, opens with two notes that define love for Ignatius of Loyola. The first: love ought to be put more into deeds than into words. The second: love consists in mutual communication, in which the lover gives and shares with the beloved what he has and can, and the beloved with the lover. Contemplating how much God has given leads to the offering of self: take, Lord, and receive all my liberty. That love is expressed in service, and the Constitutions extend it to the help of souls and to dealings with one's neighbour, whom the presupposition of the Exercises asks always to interpret in the best sense.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Sind wir frei, oder ist alles vorherbestimmt?

    Never speak of grace so as to take away freedom

    Echter freier WilleAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola builds the Spiritual Exercises around a free choice: the whole method seeks that the person, free of disordered affections, choose what most leads to the end for which they were created. The offering that crowns them begins precisely with freedom: take, Lord, and receive all my liberty. And in the rules for thinking with the Church, written in the midst of the controversy with the Reformation, he warns that one should not speak so much of predestination or insist so much on grace as to give rise to the idea that works and free will are of no use. Freedom is a real gift that is exercised and, in the end, surrendered.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Wozu meditieren oder beten?

    Speak with God as one friend speaks to another

    Freundschaft mit GottAusdrücklich gesagt

    The Spiritual Exercises are a repertoire of ways of praying: examination of conscience, meditation with the three faculties, contemplation of Gospel scenes by composition of place, application of the senses, three methods of praying with words. But all lead into the colloquy, which Ignatius of Loyola defines in the first week as speaking exactly as one friend speaks to another, or a servant to his master. The second annotation gives the criterion: it is not much knowledge that fills and satisfies the soul, but feeling and relishing things interiorly. To pray is to deal with someone, and the fruit is an inner knowledge of the Lord, the better to love and follow him.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Kann die Vernunft das Letzte erkennen?

    Not much knowing, but relishing; and still, study

    Glaube und Vernunft helfen einanderAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola holds two things that complete each other. On the one hand, the second annotation of the Spiritual Exercises warns that it is not much knowledge that fills and satisfies the soul, but feeling and relishing things interiorly; and the Autobiography recounts that by the river Cardoner the eyes of his understanding were opened with such great enlightenment that everything seemed new to him. On the other, in his thirties he sat among children to learn Latin and studied at Alcalá, Salamanca and Paris, and the rules for thinking with the Church command praise of positive and scholastic theology. For him, trained reason serves faith and the help of souls.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen
  • Sich von der Welt zurückziehen oder sie verwandeln?

    Seek and find God in all things

    Kontemplation im HandelnAusdrücklich gesagt

    Ignatius of Loyola began as a hermit at Manresa, but founded an order of active life: the Society of Jesus has no choir and no enclosure, and its members must be available to go to any part of the world where greater service of God is hoped for. The Constitutions ask Jesuits to seek God in all things, removing as far as possible their love from creatures to place it in the Creator. The Contemplation to Attain Love teaches to see God present and labouring in everything. His secretary Jerónimo Nadal coined the formula that sums it up: contemplative in action. Prayer is not opposed to apostolic work: it directs and sustains it.

    Diese Frage mit anderen Meistern vergleichen

Anekdoten und Erzählungen

Anekdoten und Erzählungen

Zeugnis1521

The sawn leg

After the wound at Pamplona, the bones of his leg knitted badly. The surgeons who came to Loyola decided to break it again to reset it, a 'butchery' Ignatius later said he endured without a word, only clenching his fists. As he was healing he found that below the knee one bone overlapped another, leaving the leg shorter and unsightly. Since he was still 'resolved to follow the world', he asked whether it could be cut; he was warned it would hurt more than everything before. He had it sawn off anyway, to the horror of his elder brother, and then spent days stretching the leg with instruments. The episode, which he told with irony at the end of his life, portrays the chivalric vanity that conversion would redirect rather than destroy: the same will to endure everything would pass from appearance to service.

Herkunft der Erzählung: Autobiography, nos. 2–5, dictated by Ignatius to Gonçalves da Câmara in 1553: his own testimony, thirty years later.

Quelle: Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.

Zeugnis1522

The Moor and the mule

On the road to Montserrat in 1522, Íñigo fell in with a mounted Moor and they talked about the Virgin. The Moor accepted that Mary had conceived without a man but not that she remained a virgin after giving birth, and the pilgrim's arguments did not persuade him. When the other rode ahead, Íñigo felt he owed it to Our Lady's honour to catch up with him and stab him. Unable to decide, he resolved to give the mule its head at the fork: if it took the road to the town where the Moor was going, he would seek him out; if it kept to the highway, he would let him be. The mule kept to the highway. Ignatius told the scene without embellishment, as an example of how little he then knew of inner things: the future master of discernment began by leaving a moral decision to a mule.

Herkunft der Erzählung: Autobiography, nos. 15–16. It is the only testimony to the episode.

Quelle: Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.

Zeugnis1522

The vigil of arms at Montserrat

His head still full of Amadís of Gaul, Íñigo decided to make his conversion a knightly investiture. At Montserrat he spent three days on a written general confession with a French monk, handed his mule over to the monastery and hung his sword and dagger before the Virgin's altar. On the eve of the Annunciation in 1522 he secretly gave his gentleman's clothes to a beggar, put on the sackcloth he had bought and spent the night in vigil, standing or kneeling, like young knights before receiving their arms. At dawn he set off for Manresa, avoiding the Barcelona road so as not to be recognised. The beggar was later arrested on suspicion of having stolen the clothes, and the pilgrim, on hearing of it, wept for having brought him harm.

Herkunft der Erzählung: Autobiography, nos. 17–18. The confessor's name, Jean Chanon, comes from the Montserrat tradition and the biographers, not from the Autobiography.

Quelle: Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.

Zeugnis1522

Beside the Cardoner

One afternoon in 1522, on his way to a church outside Manresa, Ignatius sat down facing the river Cardoner, which ran deep. There, he said thirty years later, 'the eyes of his understanding' began to open: he saw no vision, but understood many things about the spiritual life, faith and learning with such clarity that everything seemed new. He assured Gonçalves da Câmara that, adding up all the help he had received from God in sixty-two years, he did not think he had gained as much as on that single occasion, and that he was left as if he were another man. He did not reveal the contents. His companions later referred to 'what happened at Manresa' to explain founding decisions, and Jesuit tradition has seen in this illumination the root of the Society's way of proceeding.

Herkunft der Erzählung: Autobiography, no. 30; the term 'eximia ilustración' comes from later Jesuit tradition (Nadal, Laínez).

Quelle: Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.

Zeugnis1527

The fetters of Salamanca

In 1527, a few days after reaching Salamanca, Ignatius and his companion Calixto were summoned to the convent of San Esteban by the Dominicans, who asked how they could preach without having studied and whether they did so by the Holy Spirit. They ended up in prison, chained to each other by the foot. Among the visitors came Francisco de Mendoza, future cardinal of Burgos, to ask whether imprisonment grieved them. Ignatius answered with what he had told a sympathetic lady that morning: that there were not so many fetters and chains in Salamanca that he did not desire more for the love of God. Shortly afterwards the prisoners escaped, leaving the doors open, and only the pilgrims stayed behind, which, according to the account, greatly edified the city. After twenty-two days they were acquitted but forbidden to define mortal and venial sin, and Ignatius decided to leave for Paris.

Herkunft der Erzählung: Autobiography, nos. 64–70; the Salamanca sentence and the Alcalá proceedings survive in the Monumenta (Scripta de S. Ignatio).

Quelle: Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.

Zeugnis1540–1552

'Here I am': Xavier leaves for India

In March 1540 King John III of Portugal had asked for Jesuits for India and Ignatius had chosen Simão Rodrigues and Nicolás de Bobadilla. Bobadilla fell ill just as the Portuguese ambassador was about to leave. Ignatius, himself in bed, called Francis Xavier and told him the task was his. Xavier answered at once: 'Well then, here I am', and the next day left Rome with the ambassador. Before going he left his vote for the election of the general in writing: their 'old and true father' Ignatius, who 'brought us all together'. They never saw each other again. Xavier wore around his neck, in a small pouch, Ignatius's signature cut from a letter, and read his letters on his knees; in 1552 Ignatius wrote recalling him to Rome, but the letter arrived when Xavier had already died off the coast of China.

Herkunft der Erzählung: The dialogue comes from Ribadeneira's Life (book II) and is quoted by Tellechea in his 'Semblanza'; Xavier's written vote (15 March 1540) and his letters from Asia survive in the Monumenta Xaveriana.

Quelle: Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio. «Semblanza de Ignacio de Loyola». Conferencia en Forum Deusto, 24 de enero de 2006. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto. ISBN 978-84-9830-696-5.

Zeugnis1555

A quarter of an hour of prayer

The first Jesuits handed down a confidence of Ignatius about detachment: asked what he would feel if the Society, his life's work, were dissolved by the pope, he replied that a quarter of an hour of prayer would be enough for him to be as much at peace as before. The saying is often quoted as a summary of the 'indifference' of the Exercises: not an absence of affection, but the freedom not to make one's peace depend on any outcome, not even the dearest. It has a historical echo: in 1555 Gian Pietro Carafa, hostile to the Society, was elected pope as Paul IV, and Tellechea records that on hearing it Ignatius trembled to the bones, withdrew for a few minutes to the chapel and came out serene.

Herkunft der Erzählung: The confidence appears in the narrative sources of the first companions (Gonçalves da Câmara's Memorial and Ribadeneira, in Fontes narrativi); the exact passage has not been checked here. The reaction to Carafa's election is told by Tellechea (s7).

Quelle: Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu. Fontes narrativi de S. Ignatio de Loyola et de Societatis Iesu initiis, ed. Dionisio Fernández Zapico, Cándido de Dalmases et al., 4 vols. Roma: MHSI, 1943–1965 (incluye el Memorial de Gonçalves da Câmara y la carta de Polanco sobre la muerte de Ignacio, 6 de agosto de 1556).

Lehren

Lehren

Die Begriffe, die das Denken gliedern, in ihrem Zusammenhang erklärt.

Principle and Foundation and indifferenceprincipio-y-fundamento
The Principle and Foundation ([23]) opens the first week of the Exercises: human beings are created to praise, reverence and serve God, and all other things are created to help them toward that end; it follows that they should use them 'as much as' they help and rid themselves of them 'as much as' they hinder. The practical consequence is indifference: not wanting health rather than sickness, wealth rather than poverty, honour rather than dishonour, a long life rather than a short one for their own sake, but desiring and choosing only what better leads to the end. It is not Stoic apathy but a freedom prior to choice, which leaves room for the deepest desire —the 'more' or *magis*— to guide the decision. The whole architecture of the Exercises presupposes this disposition.

Programmatic text of the first week; its scholastic language comes from the Paris studies.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

Discernment of spiritsdiscernimiento-de-espiritus
Ignatius calls inner movements —thoughts, affections, relish and distaste— 'motions', and teaches how to tell where they come from and where they lead. The rules for the first week ([313–327]) serve beginners: the 'evil spirit' proposes apparent pleasures to those going from bad to worse and brings sadness and obstacles to those who are converting, while the good spirit does the opposite. Those for the second week ([328–336]), subtler, teach suspicion even of consolations that begin well and end in something less good, examining 'the beginning, middle and end' of one's thoughts. The method was born of the experience at Loyola, when he noticed that some thoughts left him dry and others joyful. It is not an autonomous psychological technique: it presupposes a life of prayer and the help of a guide.

It reworks a patristic and monastic tradition (Cassian, Gerson) in a practical language of its own.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

Consolation and desolationconsolacion-y-desolacion
Consolation is any movement that inflames the soul with love of its Creator, the tears that move to that love and 'every increase of hope, faith and charity and all interior joy'; desolation is the opposite: darkness, disturbance, attraction to low things, restlessness, lack of faith, hope and love ([316–317]). They are not the same as feeling happy or sad in a psychological sense: what matters is the direction in which they move. The best-known rule says that in time of desolation one should never change decisions taken earlier ([318]), because then it is rather the evil spirit that counsels. Ignatius also asks one to act against desolation with more prayer and self-examination, and to prepare in consolation for the desolation to come.

Core of the rules for the first week; illustrated in his own life by the Spiritual Diary.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

The election and its three timeseleccion
The election is the heart of the second week: choosing a state of life, or reforming one's own, in the light of the contemplation of Christ. Ignatius distinguishes three 'times' or modes of choosing ([175–188]). In the first, God so moves the will that no doubt remains, as in the callings of Paul or Matthew. In the second, clarity is reached through the experience of consolations and desolations. In the third, in a 'tranquil' time, one reasons: listing advantages and disadvantages in writing, imagining a stranger one must advise, considering what one would wish to have chosen at the hour of death. The choice is then offered to God for confirmation. The Spiritual Diary shows Ignatius applying these times for months to a question of government.

It is the practical aim of the Exercises according to the first annotation: 'to seek and find the divine will'.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

The examenexamen
The Exercises propose two daily examens. The particular examen ([24–31]) focuses on a single fault or virtue and keeps a morning and evening record of its progress. The general examen ([32–43]) goes over the day in five points: giving thanks for benefits received, asking for light to know one's faults, reviewing thoughts, words and deeds hour by hour, asking pardon and resolving to amend. Ignatius considered it so important that, according to his companions, he excused the sick from other prayers but not from the examen. Modern Jesuit pedagogy has reformulated it as the 'examen of consciousness', emphasising recognition of God's presence in what has been lived rather than tallying faults.

A daily practice that extends the Exercises into ordinary life.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

Imaginative contemplation and composition of placecontemplacion-imaginativa
To meditate on the mysteries of Christ's life, Ignatius proposes 'composing the place': seeing in imagination the physical setting —the road from Nazareth to Bethlehem, the house, the mountain— then looking at the persons, hearing what they say and considering what they do, 'reflecting to draw some profit'. At the end of the day he recommends the 'application of the senses', going over the scene with imaginative sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch ([121–126]). The aim is not to fantasise but to engage the whole person in order to reach 'interior knowledge' of Christ, so that affection, not only understanding, is oriented. The technique, heir to Ludolph of Saxony's *Vita Christi*, which he read at Loyola, influenced Baroque art and preaching.

The method proper to the second, third and fourth weeks.

Quelle: Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.

Magis and 'in all things to love and serve'magis
The adverb 'more' runs through the Exercises: choosing what 'more' leads to the end, desiring 'more' to follow the poor Christ. Tradition has condensed it into the Latin word *magis* and the motto *Ad maiorem Dei gloriam* (for the greater glory of God), which Ignatius uses frequently in the Constitutions. Alongside it stands the final formula of the contemplation to attain love: 'in all things to love and serve' ([233]), which Jerónimo Nadal, Ignatius's authorised interpreter, summed up by saying he was 'contemplative in action' and knew how to 'find God in all things'. The *magis* is neither activism nor perfectionism: it is the comparative criterion that, once inner freedom has been reached, points toward the greatest possible service in concrete circumstances.

The phrase 'contemplativus in actione' is Nadal's, not Ignatius's.

Quelle: O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1993.

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Galerie

Galerie

Bilder mit geprüfter Lizenz. Jedes bewahrt seine Urheberschaft und seinen Herkunftsnachweis.

Handschriften

Handschriften

Handschriftliche Zeugen und alte Texte, mit ihrer verwahrenden Einrichtung und ihren Einsichtsbedingungen.

  • ES · Latin · c. 1541–1548

    Ejercicios espirituales («Autógrafo»)

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    Verwahrende Einrichtung
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    Acta Patris Ignatii (Autobiografía)

    Erhaltener Textzeuge
    Copias manuscritas del siglo XVI
    Verwahrende Einrichtung
    Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (Roma)
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Beziehungen

Beziehungen

Einflüsse, Schülerschaften und Verwandtschaften. Die belegte Beziehung wird von der durch Analyse ermittelten Ähnlichkeit unterschieden.

  • Beeinflusst von

    Francis of Assisi

    During his convalescence in 1521 he read Francis's life in the Flos sanctorum and resolved to imitate him ('what if I were to do what Saint Francis did…?', Autobiography no. 7).

    Belegte Beziehung

  • Beeinflusst von

    Thomas à Kempis

    He came to know the Imitation of Christ (then circulating as Gerson's work, the 'Gersoncito') at Manresa and, according to Gonçalves da Câmara's Memorial, read it daily and recommended it.

    Belegte Beziehung

  • Beeinflusste

    Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

    Teilhard entered the Society of Jesus in 1899 and was formed by the Exercises; his search for God 'in all things' of matter and evolution has been read as an extension of Ignatian spirituality.

    Belegte Beziehung

  • Beeinflusste

    Carl Gustav Jung

    Jung devoted his 1939–1940 seminar at the ETH Zurich to a psychological commentary on the Spiritual Exercises.

    Belegte Beziehung

  • Zeitgenosse von

    Teresa of Ávila

    A Spanish contemporary; she had several Jesuit confessors and was canonised on the same day in 1622. There is no record that they met.

    Durch Analyse ermittelte Ähnlichkeit

  • Verwandte Gedanken mit

    John of the Cross

    Both describe the purification of attachments as a condition of union with God; Ignatian 'indifference' and John's 'nothing' have often been compared, with different emphases (apostolic choice versus contemplative path).

    Durch Analyse ermittelte Ähnlichkeit

  • Verwandte Gedanken mit

    Thomas Merton

    Merton practised and discussed the Ignatian meditation tradition in his early years, though his path was the Cistercian monastic one.

    Durch Analyse ermittelte Ähnlichkeit

Quellen

Quellen

Für diesen Eintrag herangezogene Bibliografie und Kataloge.

  1. Wikidata, «Ignatius of Loyola» (Q44281).
  2. Ignacio de Loyola. Obras. Transcripción, introducciones y notas de Ignacio Iparraguirre, Cándido de Dalmases y Manuel Ruiz Jurado. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1991 (5.ª ed.). ISBN 9788479140342.
  3. Ignacio de Loyola. Autobiografía (Acta Patris Ignatii), recogida por Luís Gonçalves da Câmara, 1553–1555. Texto castellano en Wikisource.
  4. Ignatius of Loyola. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Translated from the Autograph by Elder Mullan, S.J. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1914. Texto en Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  5. García-Villoslada, Ricardo. San Ignacio de Loyola: nueva biografía. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAC Maior), 1986.
  6. Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio. Ignacio de Loyola, solo y a pie. Madrid: Cristiandad, 1986.
  7. Tellechea Idígoras, José Ignacio. «Semblanza de Ignacio de Loyola». Conferencia en Forum Deusto, 24 de enero de 2006. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto. ISBN 978-84-9830-696-5.
  8. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1993.
  9. Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu. Fontes narrativi de S. Ignatio de Loyola et de Societatis Iesu initiis, ed. Dionisio Fernández Zapico, Cándido de Dalmases et al., 4 vols. Roma: MHSI, 1943–1965 (incluye el Memorial de Gonçalves da Câmara y la carta de Polanco sobre la muerte de Ignacio, 6 de agosto de 1556).
  10. Ribadeneira, Pedro de. Vida del P. Ignacio de Loyola, fundador de la religión de la Compañía de Jesús. Madrid, 1583 (versión latina, Nápoles, 1572). Reimpresión de 1880 en Internet Archive.
  11. Pollen, John Hungerford. «St. Ignatius Loyola». The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton, 1910 (texto en Wikisource).
  12. Ignatius of Loyola. The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. Ed. J. F. X. O'Conor, S.J. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1900 (Project Gutenberg n.º 24534).
  13. Ignatius of Loyola. Personal Writings: Reminiscences, Spiritual Diary, Select Letters, including the text of The Spiritual Exercises. Trad. Joseph A. Munitiz y Philip Endean. London: Penguin Books, 1996. ISBN 9780140433852.
  14. Hevenesi, Gabriel. Scintillae Ignatianae, sive S. P. Ignatii de Loyola sententiae et effata sacra. Viena, 1705.
  15. Rahner, Hugo. Saint Ignatius Loyola: Letters to Women. Freiburg / New York: Herder, 1960.
  16. Open Library, registros de edición consultados por ISBN (obras de Ignacio de Loyola).
  17. The Online Books Page, «Online Books by Saint Ignatius of Loyola», ed. John Mark Ockerbloom (University of Pennsylvania).
  18. Dalmases, Cándido de. El Padre Maestro Ignacio: breve biografía ignaciana. Madrid: BAC, 1979.
  19. Wikidata, «Pierre Teilhard de Chardin» (Q189564): miembro de la Compañía de Jesús (P611 = Q36380).
  20. Jung, Carl Gustav. Jung on Ignatius of Loyola's Spiritual Exercises: Lectures Delivered at ETH Zurich, vol. 7, 1939–1940. Ed. Martin Liebscher. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023. ISBN 9780691244167.
  21. Frisbee, S. H. «Anima Christi». The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton, 1907 (texto en Wikisource).
Rechteinhaber
Los textos de Ignacio son de dominio público; las traducciones y ediciones críticas modernas pertenecen a sus editoriales (BAC, Sal Terrae–Mensajero, Loyola Press, Institute of Jesuit Sources, Penguin, etc.).
Offizielle Website
www.jesuits.global/

Bestätigung ausstehend

Was dieser Eintrag noch nicht klären konnte. Wir sagen es lieber, als es aufzufüllen.

  • Localizar una transcripción de dominio público y con OCR limpio del texto castellano de los Ejercicios espirituales (Wikisource en español no lo tiene; el facsímil de 1908 es solo imagen).
  • Cotejar en Fontes narrativi (MHSI) la carta de Polanco del 6 de agosto de 1556 para fijar la forma exacta de la exclamación final («¡Ay, Dios!» / «Ay, Dios, Jesús»).
  • Verificar el número exacto del Memorial de Gonçalves da Câmara donde figura la confidencia del «cuarto de hora de oración».
  • Signaturas (shelfmark) del Autógrafo de los Ejercicios, del Diario espiritual y de los códices de la Autobiografía en el Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu; buscar digitalización oficial.
  • Completar ISBN de ediciones en italiano, ruso y árabe de los Ejercicios y de la Autobiografía (no localizados en Open Library), y de una edición castellana actual de las Constituciones con sus Normas complementarias.
  • Fechas de muerte de Juan José de la Torre y Antonio Cabré, editores de las Cartas (1874), para cerrar la nota de derechos.
  • Programas de afiliación: ninguno verificado para las editoriales listadas.

Recherchiert am 2026-10-25