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Julian of Norwich

लगभग 1342 – लगभग 1416ऐतिहासिक रूप से प्रमाणित व्यक्ति

अंग्रेज़ एकांतवासिनी और लेखिका (लगभग 1342 – 1416 के बाद)। मई 1373 में, गंभीर रूप से बीमार, उसे मसीह के दुःखभोग और ईश्वर के प्रेम के सोलह दर्शन मिले, जिनका वर्णन उसने दो रूपों में किया: एक लघु पाठ और, दशकों के मनन के बाद, एक दीर्घ पाठ — दिव्य प्रेम के प्रकटीकरण — जो किसी स्त्री द्वारा अंग्रेज़ी में लिखी गई सबसे पुरानी उपलब्ध पुस्तक है। वह नॉरिच के संत जूलियन गिरजाघर की कोठरी में आजीवन बंद रही। भरोसे के उसके धर्मशास्त्र — "सब कुछ ठीक होगा" —, क्रोधरहित ईश्वर और मसीह के मातृत्व ने उसे क्लासिक लेखिका बनाया।

कृतियाँ
3कृतियाँ
संस्करण
14संस्करण
उद्धरण
8उद्धरण
वीडियो
13वीडियो
चित्र
5चित्र
Estatua de Juliana en la fachada oeste de la catedral de Norwich (David Holgate)

Estatua de Juliana en la fachada oeste de la catedral de Norwich (David Holgate) · CC0

उनके अपने शब्दों में

«It behoved that there should be sin; but all shall be well, and all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well.»

Texto largo según la versión modernizada del Sloane 2499 de Grace Warrack (1901), cap. 27 (decimotercera mostración)

मूल विचार

'All shall be well': behovely sin: In the thirteenth showing Julian asks why God in his wisdom did not prevent sin, which, she thinks, would have left everything well.

जीवनी

6 मिनट का पाठ

स्पैनिश मूल से सहायता-प्राप्त अनुवाद, मातृभाषी अनुवादक द्वारा समीक्षा लंबित।

अपने नाम से वंचित एक स्त्री

किसी स्त्री द्वारा अंग्रेज़ी में लिखी गई जो सबसे पुरानी पुस्तक हम तक पहुँची है, उसकी लेखिका का न हमें बपतिस्मा-नाम ज्ञात है, न उसके माता-पिता के नाम, न उसके जन्म का ठीक स्थान। हम उसे जूलियन कहते हैं, क्योंकि वसीयतें और प्रतिलिपिकार उसे इसी नाम से पुकारते हैं, और क्योंकि वह नॉरिच के कोनिसफ़र्ड में संत जूलियन के गिरजाघर से सटी एक कोठरी में दीवारों के भीतर बंद होकर रहती थी; संभव है कि उसने, अन्य एकांतवासियों की तरह, गिरजाघर के संरक्षक संत का नाम अपना लिया हो। जो कुछ निश्चित रूप से ज्ञात है, वह वह स्वयं बताती है: मई 1373 में, जब वह "साढ़े तीस जाड़ों" की थी, एक ऐसी बीमारी के दौरान जो उसे मृत्यु के द्वार तक ले गई, उसे दर्शनों की एक शृंखला प्राप्त हुई। इससे अनुमान लगता है कि उसका जन्म 1342 के अंत के आसपास हुआ।

नॉरिच उस समय इंग्लैंड के सबसे घनी आबादी वाले नगरों में था — ऊन के व्यापार का केंद्र, जिसमें दर्जनों पल्ली-गिरजाघर, चारों भिक्षाजीवी धर्मसंघों के मठ और एक बेनेडिक्टाइन कैथेड्रल-प्रायरी थी। जूलियन का यौवन ब्लैक डेथ (काली मौत) के साथ बीता, जिसने 1349 में नगर पर आघात किया और आगे के दशकों में बार-बार लौटी; सौ वर्षीय युद्ध के साथ; और 1381 में किसान विद्रोह के साथ, जिसे नॉरफ़ॉक में बिशप हेनरी डिस्पेंसर ने कठोरता से कुचल दिया। इनमें से कुछ भी उसकी पुस्तक में स्पष्ट रूप से नहीं आता, किंतु अनेक पाठकों ने उसके इस आग्रह में कि "सब कुछ ठीक होगा", एक घायल संसार को दिया गया उत्तर सुना है।

तीन वरदान और बीमारी

जूलियन बताती है कि युवावस्था में उसने ईश्वर से तीन अनुग्रह माँगे थे: मसीह के दुःखभोग की जीवंत स्मृति, मानो वह मरियम मगदलीनी के साथ क्रूस के चरणों में खड़ी रही हो; तीस वर्ष की आयु में एक गंभीर शारीरिक रोग; और तीन "घाव" — सच्चा पश्चात्ताप, करुणा और ईश्वर की उत्कट चाह। पहली दो प्रार्थनाएँ वह भूल गई; तीसरी उसने सदा सँजोए रखी। साढ़े तीस वर्ष की आयु में वह बीमार पड़ी। तीन दिन और तीन रात उसकी दशा बिगड़ती गई, उसे मृत्युशय्या के संस्कार दिए गए, और अन्य लोगों के साथ उसकी माँ उसके पास जागती रही। पल्ली-पुरोहित ने उसके सामने एक क्रूसमूर्ति रखी और कहा कि वह अपने सृष्टिकर्ता और उद्धारकर्ता की प्रतिमा को देखे और उससे सांत्वना ले। उसकी दृष्टि धुँधला गई, केवल क्रूस के आसपास प्रकाश बना रहा।

सोलह प्रकटीकरण

तब, 8 या 13 मई 1373 को — पांडुलिपियों में मतभेद है — उसने काँटों के मुकुट से रक्त बहते देखा, और इसी दर्शन से सोलह "प्रकटीकरणों" (shewings) की शृंखला आरंभ हुई: पंद्रह भोर के चार बजे से तीसरे पहर तक, और अंतिम अगली रात। इनमें दुःखभोग के असाधारण शारीरिक यथार्थ वाले दृश्य हैं — छज्जे से वर्षा की बूँदों की तरह टपकता रक्त, सूखता और रंग बदलता मुख —, भीतरी वचन हैं, और बिना छवि के "आत्मिक दर्शन" हैं। उनमें से एक में वह अपनी हथेली पर हेज़लनट के आकार की कोई वस्तु देखती है: "यह वह सब है जो रचा गया है", और वह इसलिए बनी रहती है कि ईश्वर उससे प्रेम करता है। स्वस्थ होने पर उसने एक धर्मसंघी से कहा कि वह "प्रलाप" कर रही थी, और तुरंत पछताई कि उसने जो देखा था उसे नकार दिया; उसी रात उस पर एक शैतानी दर्शन का आक्रमण हुआ और उसे अंतिम प्रकटीकरण मिला, जिसने पहले वालों की पुष्टि की।

दो पुस्तकें

कुछ ही समय बाद उसने पहला वृत्तांत लिखा, जिसे आज लघु पाठ कहा जाता है, और जिसमें वह दर्शनों और उनके सबसे तात्कालिक अर्थ का वर्णन करती है। दशकों तक वह उन पर मनन करती रही। वह बताती है कि "पंद्रह वर्ष बाद और उससे भी अधिक" उसे सबके अर्थ के बारे में अपने प्रश्न का उत्तर मिला: "प्रेम ही उसका अभिप्राय था।" दर्शनों के तीन महीने कम बीस वर्ष बाद उसने स्वामी और सेवक का दृष्टांत समझा, जिसे उसने पहले वृत्तांत में छोड़ दिया था। इसका परिणाम है दीर्घ पाठ — छियासी अध्याय, जो अनुभव को धर्मशास्त्र में बदल देते हैं: पाप, जो "अनिवार्य" है और फिर भी जिसका कोई सत्त्व नहीं; एक ईश्वर, जिसमें उसे कोई क्रोध नहीं दिखता; मसीह का मातृत्व; और वह प्रार्थना जो "आत्मा को ईश्वर से जोड़ती है"। निकोलस वॉटसन ने प्रस्ताव किया है कि लघु पाठ का लेखन 1380 के दशक तक खिसकाया जाए और दीर्घ पाठ का लेखन पंद्रहवीं शताब्दी में काफ़ी आगे तक बढ़ाया जाए।

संत जूलियन की एकांतवासिनी

हम नहीं जानते कि वह कब संत जूलियन के गिरजाघर से सटी उस कोठरी में बंद हुई, जो कैरो की बेनेडिक्टाइन मठवासिनियों की प्रायरी के अधीन थी। पहला दस्तावेज़ी उल्लेख 1394 का है: सेंट माइकल कोस्लानी के रेक्टर रॉजर रीड की वसीयत उसके लिए दो शिलिंग छोड़ती है। इसके बाद 1404, 1415 और 1416 में अन्य दान मिलते हैं, अंतिम सफ़क की काउंटेस इज़ाबेल अफ़र्ड से। एकांतवासिनी जीवन भर एक या दो कमरों में रहती थी — एक खिड़की गिरजाघर की ओर, जिससे वह मिस्सा में सम्मिलित हो सके, और दूसरी सड़क की ओर, जिससे वह आने वालों को परामर्श दे सके; एक या दो सेविकाएँ उसके भरण-पोषण की देखभाल करती थीं। अनुमान लगाया गया है कि वह पहले कैरो में मठवासिनी रही होगी, या फिर विधवा और माँ — क्योंकि वह बच्चों के पालन-पोषण की बात बड़ी सूक्ष्मता से करती है; दोनों ही अटकलें हैं।

खिड़की पर मार्जरी केम्प

लगभग 1413 में किंग्स लिन की उद्वेलित रहस्यवादिनी मार्जरी केम्प उससे यह पूछने आई कि उसके आँसू और प्रकटीकरण ईश्वर की ओर से हैं या नहीं। लगभग बीस वर्ष बाद लिखवाई गई द बुक ऑफ़ मार्जरी केम्प स्मरण करती है कि "दाम जूलियन" ने कई दिनों तक उसकी बात सुनी और उसे सलाह दी कि वह ईश्वर की आज्ञा माने, उसकी भलाई पर भरोसा रखे और दूसरों के अविश्वास से व्याकुल न हो, क्योंकि जो सदा संदेह करता है वह समुद्र की लहर के समान है। जूलियन का यही एकमात्र चित्र है जो उसे जानने वाले किसी व्यक्ति ने खींचा। उसी वर्ष 1413 में, लघु पाठ की पांडुलिपि के शीर्ष-लेख के अनुसार, उसकी लेखिका जीवित थी; उसकी मृत्यु, जो 1416 के बाद हुई, का कोई दस्तावेज़ी चिह्न नहीं बचा।

एक नाज़ुक परंपरा

लघु पाठ केवल एक पांडुलिपि में बचा है, जिसकी प्रतिलिपि पंद्रहवीं शताब्दी के मध्य में बनी — तथाकथित एमहर्स्ट पांडुलिपि (ब्रिटिश लाइब्रेरी, Add. MS 37790)। दीर्घ पाठ हम तक उन अंग्रेज़ बेनेडिक्टाइन मठवासिनियों के कारण पहुँचा जो सत्रहवीं शताब्दी में कांब्रे और पेरिस में निर्वासित थीं, और जिन्होंने उसकी प्रतिलिपि बनाई और उसे सँभाला: इसी परिवेश से पेरिस पांडुलिपि (बिब्लियोतेक नास्योनाल द फ़्रांस, Fonds anglais 40) और ब्रिटिश लाइब्रेरी की स्लोन 2499 और 3705 पांडुलिपियाँ आती हैं। बेनेडिक्टाइन सेरेनस क्रेसी ने 1670 में उसे छापा। 1901 में ग्रेस वॉरैक के संस्करण ने उसे पाठकों तक फिर पहुँचाया, और एडमंड कॉलेज तथा जेम्स वॉल्श के आलोचनात्मक संस्करण (1978) ने दोनों रूपों का पाठ स्थिर किया।

भरोसे की धर्मशास्त्री

बीसवीं शताब्दी ने उसे एक क्लासिक लेखिका बना दिया। टी. एस. एलियट ने अपने फ़ोर क्वार्टेट्स की अंतिम कविता "लिटिल गिडिंग" का समापन "अनिवार्य" पाप और सब कुछ ठीक होने के बारे में उसी के शब्दों से किया; चर्च ऑफ़ इंग्लैंड 8 मई को उसका स्मरण करता है, और पोप बेनेडिक्ट सोलहवें ने 2010 में उस पर एक सामान्य दर्शन-सभा समर्पित की। संत जूलियन का गिरजाघर, जो 1942 की जर्मन बमबारी में नष्ट हो गया था, एक कोठरी सहित फिर बनाया गया, जो आज तीर्थयात्रियों का स्वागत करती है। उस पर चिपकाए गए लेबलों — नारीवादी, सार्वभौमिक मुक्तिवादी, पारिस्थितिक — से परे एक स्वर बचता है, जिसने स्वयं को "एक सरल, अनपढ़ प्राणी" कहा और अपनी सदी में दुर्लभ धर्मशास्त्रीय सूक्ष्मता से लिखा, कलीसिया की शिक्षा और ईश्वर के ऐसे दर्शन को एक साथ थामे हुए, जिसमें उसे कोई क्रोध नहीं मिला।

स्रोत: Colledge, Edmund, y James Walsh (eds.). A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich. 2 vols. Studies and Texts 35. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978. · Watson, Nicholas, y Jacqueline Jenkins (eds.). The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press / Turnhout: Brepols, 2006. · Warrack, Grace (ed.). Revelations of Divine Love Recorded by Julian, Anchoress at Norwich, Anno Domini 1373. Londres: Methuen, 1901 (Project Gutenberg n.º 52958). · Windeatt, Barry (trad. e intr.). Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. · The Book of Margery Kempe. Ed. Sanford Brown Meech y Hope Emily Allen. Early English Text Society, o.s. 212. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1940, cap. 18.

कालक्रम

जीवन, वर्ष-दर-वर्ष

प्रत्येक बिंदु एक प्रमाणित घटना है। उसे स्रोत और निश्चितता के स्तर सहित पढ़ने के लिए क्लिक करें।

  1. लगभग 1342 · 0 वर्ष

    Birth

    Date inferred from her own statement that she was 'thirty winters and a half' old in May 1373 (Long Text, ch. 3). Her baptismal name and family are unknown.

    संभावित

  2. 1349 · 7 वर्ष

    The Black Death in Norwich

    The epidemic decimates the city; new waves in 1361–1362 and 1369. The context of her childhood.

    प्रमाणित

  3. मई 1373 · 30 वर्ष

    The sixteen showings

    Gravely ill, she receives fifteen visions between early morning and afternoon and the sixteenth the following night. The manuscripts give 8 or 13 May.

    प्रमाणित

  4. लगभग 1380 – 1388 · 38 वर्ष

    The Short Text

    Writing of the first account of the visions; the traditional date (soon after 1373) was challenged by Nicholas Watson, who places it in the 1380s.

    विवादित

  5. लगभग 1388 · 45 वर्ष

    'Love was his meaning'

    'Fifteen years after and more' she receives the understanding that closes the book: love is the meaning of all the showings (Long Text, ch. 86).

    प्रमाणित

  6. लगभग 1393 · 50 वर्ष

    The example of the lord and the servant

    'Twenty years after the time of the showing, save three months' she understands the parable of the lord and the servant (Long Text, ch. 51), the core of the Long Text.

    प्रमाणित

  7. मार्च 1394 · 51 वर्ष

    First mention as an anchoress

    The will of Roger Reed, rector of St Michael Coslany, leaves two shillings to 'Julian anakorite'.

    प्रमाणित

  8. 1404 · 61 वर्ष

    Bequest of Thomas Emund

    A chantry priest of Aylsham leaves a bequest to the anchoress of St Julian's and to her servant Sara.

    प्रमाणित

  9. लगभग 1413 · 70 वर्ष

    Margery Kempe's visit

    Margery Kempe consults her over several days about her experiences (Book of Margery Kempe, ch. 18). The rubric of the Amherst manuscript states she was alive in 1413.

    प्रमाणित

  10. 1416 · 73 वर्ष

    Last mention: the will of Isabel Ufford

    The Countess of Suffolk leaves twenty shillings to 'Julian recluse a Norwich'. It is the last document mentioning her alive; the date of her death is unknown.

    प्रमाणित

  11. लगभग 1450

    The Amherst manuscript is copied

    A scribe copies the Short Text into an anthology of contemplative texts (British Library, Add. MS 37790), the only witness to that version.

    संभावित

  12. 1670

    First printed edition

    The Benedictine Serenus Cressy publishes XVI Revelations of Divine Love from a Long Text manuscript related to the Paris one.

    प्रमाणित

  13. 1901

    Grace Warrack's edition

    Methuen publishes Grace Warrack's modernised version of Sloane 2499, which popularises the work.

    प्रमाणित

  14. जून 1942

    St Julian's church destroyed

    German bombing destroys the church; it is rebuilt in 1953 with a chapel on the site of the cell.

    प्रमाणित

  15. 1978

    Critical edition

    Edmund Colledge and James Walsh publish the critical edition of both versions (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies).

    प्रमाणित

  16. 1 दिसंबर 2010

    Benedict XVI's audience

    Benedict XVI devotes his general audience catechesis to Julian.

    प्रमाणित

कृतियाँ

आवश्यक कृतियाँ

वे कृतियाँ जिनके बिना उनकी विरासत को समझा नहीं जा सकता।

The Short Text: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman — Julian of Norwich

पांडुलिपि · लगभग 1385

The Short Text: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman

A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman

The first version of the account of the visions of May 1373, in twenty-five chapters. It narrates the three gifts requested, the illness, the crucifix and the sixteen showings in a more personal and immediate tone than the long version: Julian presents herself as a woman and apologises for teaching ('Should I believe, because I am a woman, that I ought not to tell you of the goodness of God?'). It does not yet contain the example of the lord and the servant or the theology of Christ's motherhood. It is the earliest surviving English text known to be by a woman.

5 संस्करण · amazon.com

The Long Text: Revelations of Divine Love — Julian of Norwich

पांडुलिपि · लगभग 1393

The Long Text: Revelations of Divine Love

A Revelation of Love (Revelations of Divine Love)

A reworking of the same visions in eighty-six chapters, the fruit of twenty years or more of meditation. Besides expanding each showing, it adds theological chapters: the example of the lord and the servant (ch. 51), in which Adam and Christ are both the servant who falls in serving; the teaching that there is no wrath in God and that sin is 'behovely' but has no substance; the 'substance' and 'sensuality' of the soul; and the motherhood of Christ and of the Trinity (chs. 58–63). It closes with the answer received 'fifteen years after and more': 'Love was his meaning'. It is the major work of medieval English mysticism.

9 संस्करण · amazon.com

वचन

किसी निश्चित कृति में स्थित वचन। प्रत्येक के साथ उसका स्रोत और विश्वसनीयता का स्तर है।

It behoved that there should be sin; but all shall be well, and all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well.

सत्यापितTexto largo según la versión modernizada del Sloane 2499 de Grace Warrack (1901), cap. 27 (decimotercera mostración)

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अप्रामाणिक या विवादित आरोपण वाले उद्धरण (1)
  • «Be a gardener. Dig a ditch, toil and sweat, and turn the earth upside down…»

    It circulates online and on devotional cards as a quotation from Julian. It does not appear in that form in either version: it is a free reworking of the image of the servant labouring as a gardener in the example of the lord and the servant (Long Text, ch. 51).

अंतिम शब्द

उनके अंतिम शब्दों का कोई सत्यापन-योग्य अभिलेख उपलब्ध नहीं है।

Neither the date nor the circumstances of her death are known. The last document mentioning her alive is the will of Isabel Ufford, Countess of Suffolk (1416); no source transmits final words.

स्रोत: Tanner, Norman P. The Church in Late Medieval Norwich, 1370–1532. Studies and Texts 66. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984 (testamentos de Norwich con legados a anacoretas).

पूछें

उनकी कृतियाँ क्या उत्तर देती हैं

मानवता के बारह महान प्रश्न और उनके ग्रंथ उनका जो उत्तर देने देते हैं, संदर्भों सहित। हम कभी उनके मुख में अपने शब्द नहीं रखते।

  • परम सत्य क्या है? क्या ईश्वर है?

    God is Trinitarian love, Father and also Mother

    साकार, व्यक्तिगत ईश्वरस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich does not argue for God's existence: she describes what was «shown» to her in sixteen revelations during an illness in 1373. In them God is Trinity and is love: in the final chapter of the Long Text she sums up that the meaning of everything shown was love. This God is courteous, homely, rejoices in creatures and holds them in being, like the hazelnut that lasts because God loves it. Her most original contribution is to call God Mother with the same truth with which he is called Father, and to ascribe that motherhood especially to Christ, the second Person. The Absolute is for her a Thou who loves without wrath, whose love precedes creation and never lessens.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मैं कौन हूँ? क्या कोई सच्चा आत्म है?

    Our substance is in God; our sensuality awaits union with it

    सृजित, अमर आत्मास्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich distinguishes in the human being the «substance», the highest part, which was never separated from God, and the «sensuality», the embodied, temporal life where sin and pain occur. In chapter 54 of the Long Text she states that she saw no difference between God and our substance, as if it were all God, and yet understood that our substance is a creature in God. In the parable of the lord and the servant (ch. 51), the soul's fall arises not from malice but from haste to serve. The true self is a created soul, loved forever and kept in God, which is reconciled with itself when substance and sensuality are united through Christ.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • हम दुःख क्यों भोगते हैं?

    Sin was behovely, but all shall be well

    ईश्वर से वियोगस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich asked why, if God is love, he did not prevent sin, which is the cause of all pain. The answer shown to her is one of the most famous sentences of English mysticism: sin was behovely, but all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well. She did not see sin, because she believes it has no substance, and knew it only by the pain it causes. In the parable of the lord and the servant, the fall appears as the stumbling of a servant running to do his lord's will. Suffering arises from separation, but God does not look on it with wrath, and every pain will be turned to honour.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मृत्यु के बाद क्या होता है?

    A great deed at the end will make all things well

    अनंत जीवन और पुनरुत्थानस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich's revelations were born at the edge of death: she was thirty and a half, received the last rites, and the priest held a crucifix before her, before which the visions began. Her hope is the Church's: eternal life in God, joy and bliss. But she adds something of her own: in chapter 32 she is shown that there is a great deed that the Trinity will do on the last day, hidden from every creature, by which all shall be well. Julian acknowledges the tension with the Church's teaching on damnation and does not resolve it: she holds it in faith and in the promise that what is impossible for her is not so for God.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • मुक्ति या उद्धार कैसे प्राप्त होता है?

    God is the ground of our beseeching

    कृपा और प्रेम सेस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich sees salvation as the work of God's love that precedes everything: in chapter 41 of the Long Text she is shown that God is the ground of our beseeching, that it is he who makes us desire and ask for what he wishes to give us. The human role is real but humble: to pray, to trust, not to despair of one's own sin, and to remain in the faith of the Church. In chapter 68 she receives the promise that the soul will not be overcome, though it be tossed and afflicted. Liberation consists in Christ, our Mother, restoring us to the union of substance and sensuality, and keeping us in a love that never withdraws.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या गुरु आवश्यक है?

    What was shown is received within the Church's common faith

    संघ और परंपराउनके सिद्धांत से निष्कर्षित

    Julian of Norwich does not raise the question of the spiritual teacher; she received her revelations directly and spent some twenty years meditating on them. But she refuses to make them a separate authority. In chapter 9 of the Long Text she declares that she is not good because of the visions, but only if she loves God more, and that what she saw she believes according to the teaching of Holy Church. In chapter 80 she sums up the three things by which a human being stands in this life: the use of natural reason, the common teaching of the Church and the inward working of the Holy Spirit. Her text, moreover, is addressed to all her «fellow Christians», not to disciples.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या संसार वास्तविक है?

    All creation fits in a hazelnut and lasts because God loves it

    शुभ और वास्तविक सृष्टिस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich's best-known image answers this question. In the first revelation, God shows her in the palm of her hand a little thing, the size of a hazelnut, round as a ball, and she is told that it is all that is made. Julian marvels that it can last, for it seems that, in its littleness, it might suddenly fall into nothing; and she is answered that it lasts and ever shall because God loves it. In that vision she understands three things: that God made it, that God loves it and that God keeps it. The world is real, fragile and small before its Creator, and good because it is loved.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • प्रेम क्या है?

    Love was the meaning of everything shown

    ईश्वर और पड़ोसी से प्रेमस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich's Long Text ends with the answer to the question she had asked herself for fifteen years: what the Lord's meaning was in what he showed her. She was answered that it was love: who showed it to her, love; what he showed her, love; why he showed it, for love. Julian adds that she saw with certainty that God loved us before he made us and that this love has never diminished nor ever shall. Love is God's essence, and from it proceeds the love creatures have for one another: her text is addressed to all her fellow Christians, because what was shown was for all, and in loving them she sees the concrete form of loving God.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या हम स्वतंत्र हैं, या सब कुछ पूर्वनिर्धारित है?

    God does all that is done; the how remains a secret

    इस पर कुछ नहीं कहा

    Julian of Norwich does not treat human freedom as a problem. What is shown to her points elsewhere: in the third revelation she sees God in a point and understands that he is in all things and does all that is done; nothing happens by chance, but by God's foreseeing wisdom. That raises for her the question of sin, which is no deed, and she resolves it by trusting that all that is done is well done. She neither denies human responsibility —she speaks of repentance, prayer and the fall— nor theorises about predestination: she leaves the how in God's secret, who in his time will make all things well.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • ध्यान या प्रार्थना क्यों करें?

    Prayer unites the soul to God, who is its ground

    ईश्वर से मैत्रीस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich devotes several chapters of the Long Text to prayer. There she is told that God is the ground of beseeching: it is he who makes us desire what he wants to give, and so prayer is never in vain, even when it seems dry or fruitless. Prayer unites the soul to God: although the soul is always like God in nature, it is often unlike him through sin, and prayer makes it like him in will. She distinguishes beseeching, which asks, from contemplation, in which the soul can no longer ask but only behold and give thanks. The tone is one of homely trust: God is courteous and wants to be spoken to with the simplicity of a child with its mother.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • क्या बुद्धि परम को जान सकती है?

    Natural reason, the Church's teaching and the Spirit's work

    श्रद्धा और तर्क एक-दूसरे के सहायकस्पष्ट रूप से कहा है

    Julian of Norwich presents herself as an «unlettered creature», but her work shows great theological intelligence, and she gives reason an explicit place. In chapter 80 of the Long Text she lists the three things by which the human being stands in this life and by which God is honoured: the use of natural reason, the common teaching of Holy Church and the inward gracious working of the Holy Spirit, and adds that all three come from one God. The revelations do not replace reason: Julian spent twenty years meditating on them in order to understand them, and the Long Text is the fruit of that reflection. Reason helps; faith and grace complete.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें
  • संसार से हटें या उसे बदलें?

    An anchoress who writes for all her fellow Christians

    पाने के लिए हटनाउनके सिद्धांत से निष्कर्षित

    Julian of Norwich lived as an anchoress, enclosed in a cell attached to the church of Saint Julian in Norwich, from which she probably takes her name; wills of the period mention her as an anchorite in the early fifteenth century. Her form of life was thus the strictest withdrawal known to the medieval Church. But her work does not argue for enclosure or despise those who live in the world: she declares that what was shown is not only for her but for all her fellow Christians, and her theology of God's love addresses ordinary life, the falling and falling again of anyone. From the cell, the window opened onto the street.

    इस प्रश्न की अन्य गुरुओं से तुलना करें

निकटता और तनाव

निकटता और तनाव

उनके मतों के आधार पर प्रश्न-दर-प्रश्न आकलित। प्रत्येक सहमति या टकराव का कारण क्लिक करने पर।

इनसे मिलता-जुलता सोचते हैं

इनसे भिन्न सोचते हैं

प्रसंग और वृत्तांत

प्रसंग और वृत्तांत

साक्ष्यmayo de 1373

The parish priest's crucifix

Julian had been ill for three days and three nights, and on the fourth night she received the last rites, convinced she would not live to dawn. Those around her sent for the parish priest, who came with a boy and a cross. Julian's eyes were already fixed upwards, towards heaven, where she thought she was going; the priest set the crucifix before her face and told her to look on the image of her Maker and Saviour and take comfort from it. It was hard to lower her gaze, but she did, thinking she could hold out longer looking straight ahead than upwards. Then her sight began to fail: the room grew dark as if it were night, except for the image of the cross, which kept an ordinary light. She felt the upper part of her body dying. Suddenly the pain vanished, and she saw blood trickling down from under the crown of thorns, hot, fresh and plentiful, as at the time of the passion. So the showings began.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Julian's own account in the Short Text (chs. 2–3) and the Long Text (chs. 3–4).

स्रोत: Warrack, Grace (ed.). Revelations of Divine Love Recorded by Julian, Anchoress at Norwich, Anno Domini 1373. Londres: Methuen, 1901 (Project Gutenberg n.º 52958).

साक्ष्यmayo de 1373

'I said I had raved'

When the first fifteen showings ended, towards mid-afternoon, the illness returned in force and the vision faded. A religious came to see her and asked how she was; Julian told him she had raved that day, and laughed at herself as she said that the cross before her had bled heavily. The man grew very serious and began to question her with great reverence. Julian then felt immense shame: this man took seriously what she, who had seen it, had dismissed as delirium. She wanted to confess, but did not dare tell a priest, thinking he would not believe her if she did not believe herself. That night, asleep, she felt the devil take her by the throat, with a young man's face, red like a newly fired tile and flecked with black spots, hair red as rust, and a stench that choked her. On waking, half dead, she received the sixteenth showing, which confirmed to her that everything had come from God. Her account of this lapse is one of the most honest pages of mystical literature.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Long Text, chs. 66–67; the episode also appears in the Short Text (chs. 21–22).

स्रोत: Warrack, Grace (ed.). Revelations of Divine Love Recorded by Julian, Anchoress at Norwich, Anno Domini 1373. Londres: Methuen, 1901 (Project Gutenberg n.º 52958).

प्रमाणितc. 1413

Margery Kempe at the cell window

Around 1413 Margery Kempe, a married woman, mother of fourteen and protagonist of a noisy spiritual journey (she wept aloud in churches and scandalised the clergy), came to Norwich at the bidding, she says, of Our Lord, to consult 'an anchoress in the same city who was called Dame Julian'. She set out the graces, inner words and revelations she received, to learn whether there was any deceit in them, because the anchoress 'was expert in such things and could give good counsel'. Julian, according to the account, answered that she should obey God in all that was not against his worship or the profit of her fellow Christians, that the Holy Spirit never moves anyone against charity, and that whoever always doubts is like the wave of the sea, moved by the wind. They talked for many days. It is the only outside testimony about the flesh-and-blood Julian: a serene counsellor at the window of her cell.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: The Book of Margery Kempe, book I, ch. 18, dictated c. 1436–1438. The meeting is known only from this account.

स्रोत: The Book of Margery Kempe. Ed. Sanford Brown Meech y Hope Emily Allen. Early English Text Society, o.s. 212. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1940, cap. 18.

सत्यापन-योग्य नहींs. XX (tradición)

The anchoress's cat

In modern images Julian nearly always appears with a cat: in the statue at Norwich Cathedral, in stained glass, on devotional cards. The association rests on a real but indirect fact: the Ancrene Wisse, the rule for anchoresses written in England in the early thirteenth century, allows recluses to keep a cat and no other animal, to keep mice at bay. No source about Julian (neither her texts, nor the wills that mention her, nor the Book of Margery Kempe) says she had one. The cat is an affectionate inference of twentieth-century devotional tradition, not a documented fact.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: The rule comes from the Ancrene Wisse (part VIII). The attribution of a cat to Julian has no medieval source and spread with modern iconography.

स्रोत: Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. Londres: SPCK, 1987 (nueva ed. 2000).

प्रमाणितs. XVII

The nuns of Cambrai

For two centuries the Long Text came close to being lost. The English Reformation dissolved the monasteries and libraries where it could be copied, and the manuscripts of medieval mysticism survived mainly in exile. In the abbeys of English Benedictine nuns founded at Cambrai (1623) and Paris (1651), the nuns, spiritually directed by the monk Augustine Baker, copied and read the English mystics of the Middle Ages. The surviving copies of the Long Text come from that milieu, and from there came the first printed edition, published by the Benedictine Serenus Cressy in 1670. What is certain is that without that handful of exiled women Julian's book would not have reached us.

वृत्तांत का स्रोत: Watson and Jenkins (2006) and Colledge and Walsh (1978) study the provenance of the Long Text manuscripts in the milieu of the Cambrai and Paris communities.

स्रोत: Watson, Nicholas, y Jacqueline Jenkins (eds.). The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press / Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.

शिक्षाएँ

शिक्षाएँ

वे अवधारणाएँ जो उनके चिंतन को रूप देती हैं, उनके संदर्भ में समझाई गई।

'All shall be well': behovely sintodo-ira-bien
In the thirteenth showing Julian asks why God in his wisdom did not prevent sin, which, she thinks, would have left everything well. The answer is the sentence that made her famous: 'it was behovely that there should be sin; but all shall be well, and all shall be well, and all manner of thing shall be well'. Behovely does not mean that sin is good or desirable, but that it has a place in the divine design: through it we know our frailty and the greatness of the love that repairs. Julian adds that sin 'has no manner of substance' and is known only by the pain it causes. At the same time she refuses to draw conclusions contradicting the Church's teaching: she affirms that there is a secret 'great deed' God will do on the last day, by which he will make well all that is not well, and which is hidden from us. Hence her tone of trust, which does not deny evil but places it within a greater love.

Late medieval debate on predestination and salvation, in the England of Wyclif and Langland.

स्रोत: Colledge, Edmund, y James Walsh (eds.). A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich. 2 vols. Studies and Texts 35. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978.

A God without wrathdios-sin-ira
One of the boldest features of the Long Text is the claim that Julian saw no anger in God: 'I saw truly that our Lord was never angry, nor ever shall be, for he is God'. Wrath, she explains, is in us, as a contrariness to peace and love; God does not blame but looks with pity. Julian acknowledges the tension with the Church's teaching, which speaks of God's wrath against sin, and devotes long chapters (45–50) to holding both: the Church's judgement, true for our life here, and God's higher judgement, which sees in the soul only the 'substance' united to him. The resolution comes with the example of the lord and the servant. This theology has been read as an anticipation of modern theologies of mercy, and has also raised the question whether it verges on universalism, which Julian avoids affirming.

Contrast with fourteenth-century penitential preaching and with the image of judgement in scholastic theology.

स्रोत: Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. Londres: SPCK, 1987 (nueva ed. 2000).

The example of the lord and the servantsenor-y-siervo
In chapter 51 of the Long Text, the longest, Julian narrates a vision she had left out of the first account because she did not understand it: a lord sitting at peace sends his servant on an errand; the servant runs off out of love, falls into a ditch and is hurt, unable to rise or to see his lord's face, who looks on him with compassion rather than reproach. Nearly twenty years of meditation taught her to read the scene in layers: the servant is Adam, that is, all humanity, whose fall springs from goodwill rather than rebellion; and he is also Christ, who falls into Mary's womb and into death to raise Adam. The details (the servant's clothing, the earth he tills as a gardener, the treasure he must seek) receive allegorical interpretation. The parable is the key to her theology: God sees fallen humanity through Christ, and so there is no wrath in him.

Medieval multi-layered exegesis and the tradition of parable as a form of theological teaching.

स्रोत: Watson, Nicholas, y Jacqueline Jenkins (eds.). The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press / Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.

The motherhood of Christ and of Godmaternidad-de-cristo
In chapters 58 to 63 of the Long Text Julian develops, at unprecedented length, the image of Jesus as mother: 'as truly as God is our Father, so truly is God our Mother'. The second person of the Trinity is mother in three ways: in the creation of our nature, in the incarnation, by which he takes on our sensuality, and in the work of grace, by which he gives birth to us in new life, feeds us with his body in the Eucharist as a mother gives the breast, and brings us up patiently, sometimes letting us fall so that we may learn. The image was not new (it appears in Anselm, Bernard and Cistercian spirituality), but Julian makes it a Trinitarian structure. Since the late twentieth century it has been central to feminist readings of her work, though she presents it as a truth about God rather than a programme.

Medieval tradition of Jesus as mother (Anselm, Bernard of Clairvaux, William of Saint-Thierry).

स्रोत: Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. Londres: SPCK, 1987 (nueva ed. 2000).

Substance and sensualitysustancia-y-sensualidad
Julian distinguishes two dimensions in the soul. 'Substance' is the highest part, created by God and united to him from the beginning without interruption: in it the soul 'is in God' and has never consented to sin. 'Sensuality' is the soul as united to the body and to temporal life, where fall, suffering and change take place. Christ, by becoming incarnate, unites both in himself and makes it possible for the whole human being to be 'oned' with God. The concept, close to the Rhineland mystics' 'ground' of the soul but formulated independently, underpins her claim that in every soul that is saved there is a godly will that never assented to sin, and her hope that the inner division of the human being is not the last word.

Augustinian anthropology of the image and the English contemplative tradition (Hilton, The Cloud of Unknowing).

स्रोत: Watson, Nicholas, y Jacqueline Jenkins (eds.). The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press / Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.

The courtesy and homeliness of Godcortesia-de-dios
Julian describes God's relation to the soul with two words from the social vocabulary of her time: God is 'courteous' and 'homely'. Courtesy is the nobility of the great lord who draws near without ceasing to be one; homeliness, the intimacy of one who is at home. In the sixth showing she sees God as a lord who, in his house, thanks his servants for their labour and honours them before all, with a joy that is not condescension. This image corrects that of the distant, fearsome sovereign and grounds her invitation to pray with trust, as one speaks with someone who wishes to be sought. The combination of greatness and nearness ('he is the highest and the most homely') runs through the whole book.

The courtly language of fourteenth-century England applied to theology.

स्रोत: Windeatt, Barry (trad. e intr.). Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

वीडियो

वीडियो

रिकॉर्डिंग, साक्षात्कार और वृत्तचित्र। वीडियो YouTube से चलते हैं; वे यहाँ संग्रहीत नहीं हैं।

  • 2024 Julian Festival Lecture, Julian and the Trinity, Archbishop Rowan Williams

    व्याख्यान· EN· 2024· 89 min

    Julian of Norwichआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Julian of Norwich: mother, mystic, radical

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    Jesus College, Cambridgeआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love - Robert Fruehwirth

    व्याख्यान· EN· 2016· 61 min

    St Paul's Cathedralआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Prayer in the Teachings of Julian of Norwich: A Journey of Desire | Philip Sheldrake

    व्याख्यान· EN· 2019· 84 min

    Oblate School of Theologyआधिकारिक चैनल

  • How to Read Julian of Norwich / Ryan McAnnally-Linz

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    Yale Center for Faith & Cultureआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Julian of Norwich and the English Mystics: A Lecture by Fr. Groeschel

    व्याख्यान· EN· 2019· 73 min

    International Institute for Culture

  • Cecilia Twinch: Julian of Norwich: All manner of things shall be well

    व्याख्यान· EN· 2023· 42 min

    Ibn 'Arabi Societyआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Revelations of Divine Love by Julian of NORWICH read by David Barnes | Full Audio Book

    तृतीय पक्ष की रिकॉर्डिंग· EN· 2018· 441 min

    LibriVox Audiobooks

  • 3º clase - Javier Melloni sj expone sobre Juliana de Norwich, teóloga de su propia experiencia

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    Fraternidad del Santo Nombre

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    वृत्तचित्र· ES· 2026· 15 min

    Radio Monastero Interiore

  • El Papa dedica la audiencia general a Juliana de Norwich, mística inglesa

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    ROME REPORTS en Españolआधिकारिक चैनल

  • Juliana de Norwich

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    Cruzando Fronteras con Fernando Cordero sscc

  • Giuliana di Norwich, Mistica della cortesia di Dio - il primo documentario italiano

    वृत्तचित्र· IT· 2025· 16 min

    Radio Monastero Interiore

चित्रशाला

चित्रशाला

सत्यापित लाइसेंस वाले चित्र। प्रत्येक में उसके रचयिता और श्रेय का उल्लेख सुरक्षित है।

पांडुलिपियाँ

पांडुलिपियाँ

पांडुलिपि-साक्ष्य और प्राचीन पाठ, उनके संरक्षक और अध्ययन की शर्तों सहित।

  • ENM · Gótica cursiva inglesa (tipo no verificado) · Texto: c. 1373–1390; copia: c. 1435–1450

    A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman (Texto breve), en antología contemplativa

    संरक्षित पाठ-साक्ष्य
    Único testimonio del Texto breve, dentro de una antología de textos contemplativos (Rolle, Ruusbroec, Suso, entre otros). La rúbrica afirma que la autora seguía viva en 1413.
    संरक्षक
    British Library, Londres · Add. MS 37790 (manuscrito Amherst)
  • ENM · Cursiva (tipo no verificado) · Copia de finales del s. XVI

    Revelations of Divine Love (Texto largo), copia de París

    संरक्षित पाठ-साक्ष्य
    Texto largo completo con el explicit «Explicit liber revelationum Julyane anatorite Norwyche»; texto próximo al de la edición de Cressy (1670).
    संरक्षक
    Bibliothèque nationale de France, París · Fonds anglais 40
  • ENM · Cursiva del s. XVII · Mediados del s. XVII

    Revelations of Divine Love (Texto largo), Sloane 2499

    संरक्षित पाठ-साक्ष्य
    Texto largo completo con ortografía arcaizante; base de las ediciones de Warrack (1901), Glasscoe (1976) y Crampton (1993).
    संरक्षक
    British Library, Londres · Sloane MS 2499
  • ENM · Cursiva del s. XVIII · S. XVIII

    Revelations of Divine Love (Texto largo), Sloane 3705

    संरक्षित पाठ-साक्ष्य
    Copia tardía del Texto largo, con ortografía modernizada.
    संरक्षक
    British Library, Londres · Sloane MS 3705
  • ENM · Gótica cursiva inglesa (tipo no verificado) · c. 1500

    Extractos del Texto largo (manuscrito de Westminster)

    संरक्षित पाठ-साक्ष्य
    Antología de pasajes del Texto largo junto a comentarios a los salmos; el testimonio más antiguo de esa versión.
    संरक्षक
    Westminster Cathedral Treasury, Londres · MS 4
पांडुलिपियाँ →

संबंध

संबंध

प्रभाव, शिष्यत्व और वैचारिक निकटता। प्रमाणित संबंध को विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता से अलग दर्शाया गया है।

  • इनसे प्रभावित

    Jesus of Nazareth

    The sixteen showings centre on Christ's passion, which Julian had asked to behold 'as if she had been there', and her whole theology is built around him as servant, mother and saviour.

    प्रमाणित संबंध

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Augustine of Hippo

    Julian works within the Augustinian horizon (fall, original sin, grace, God's image in the soul), but her vision of a God who does not blame departs from the rigour of the late Augustine. No direct reading is documented.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनके समकालीन

    Catherine of Siena

    Exact contemporaries (Catherine was born in 1347 and Julian had her visions in 1373), both laywomen without Latin learning who dictated or wrote theology in the vernacular. There was no contact.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Teresa of Ávila

    Two women who wrote of their experience of God in domestic language and with a theological sharpness that exceeded their 'unlettered' status. Teresa did not know Julian's work.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Hildegard of Bingen

    Both visionaries received visions in sickness and interpreted them over years; but Hildegard was an abbess, prophetic and cosmological, and Julian a recluse and introspective. No documented relation.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Francis of Assisi

    Affective devotion to the suffering humanity of Christ, spread in fourteenth-century England by Franciscan spirituality, forms the background of her visions of the passion. No direct relation.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

  • इनसे मिलते-जुलते विचार

    Meister Eckhart

    Julian's 'substance' of the soul ever united to God recalls Eckhart's 'ground' of the soul, but her language is narrative and concrete, not speculative. There is no sign that she knew Rhineland mysticism.

    विश्लेषण से पहचानी गई समानता

स्रोत

स्रोत

इस प्रविष्टि के लिए देखे गए ग्रंथ-सूची और सूचीपत्र।

  1. Wikidata, Q236699 «Juliana de Norwich / Julian of Norwich» (P31=Q5; 45 enlaces entre wikis).
  2. Colledge, Edmund, y James Walsh (eds.). A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich. 2 vols. Studies and Texts 35. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978.
  3. Watson, Nicholas, y Jacqueline Jenkins (eds.). The Writings of Julian of Norwich: A Vision Showed to a Devout Woman and A Revelation of Love. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press / Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
  4. Warrack, Grace (ed.). Revelations of Divine Love Recorded by Julian, Anchoress at Norwich, Anno Domini 1373. Londres: Methuen, 1901 (Project Gutenberg n.º 52958).
  5. Windeatt, Barry (trad. e intr.). Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  6. The Book of Margery Kempe. Ed. Sanford Brown Meech y Hope Emily Allen. Early English Text Society, o.s. 212. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1940, cap. 18.
  7. Jantzen, Grace M. Julian of Norwich: Mystic and Theologian. Londres: SPCK, 1987 (nueva ed. 2000).
  8. Benedicto XVI. Audiencia general del 1 de diciembre de 2010: Juliana de Norwich. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
  9. Spearing, Elizabeth (trad.), y A. C. Spearing (intr. y notas). Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love (Short Text and Long Text). Londres: Penguin Books, 1998.
  10. Watson, Nicholas. «The Composition of Julian of Norwich's Revelation of Love». Speculum 68, n.º 3 (1993), pp. 637–683.
  11. Ward, Benedicta. «Julian the Solitary». En Kenneth Leech y Benedicta Ward, Julian Reconsidered. Oxford: SLG Press, 1988.
  12. Glasscoe, Marion (ed.). Julian of Norwich: A Revelation of Love. Exeter Medieval English Texts. Exeter: University of Exeter, 1976 (ed. del Sloane 2499).
  13. Beer, Frances (ed.). Julian of Norwich's Revelations of Divine Love: The Shorter Version Ed. from B. L. Add. MS 37790. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1978.
  14. Open Library (Internet Archive), registros de edición consultados por ISBN para las ediciones listadas.
  15. Eliot, T. S. «Little Gidding» (1942), en Four Quartets. Londres: Faber & Faber, 1944, sección V.
  16. Tanner, Norman P. The Church in Late Medieval Norwich, 1370–1532. Studies and Texts 66. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1984 (testamentos de Norwich con legados a anacoretas).
  17. The Julian Shrine, St Julian's Church, Norwich: historia de la iglesia y de la celda reconstruida.
  18. Friends of Julian of Norwich (asociación que mantiene el Julian Centre y promueve su lectura).
  19. Holloway, Julia Bolton, Anna Maria Reynolds et al. (eds.). Julian of Norwich, Showing of Love: Extant Texts and Translation. Florencia: SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2001.
  20. Wikisource en inglés: Revelations of Divine Love (Grace Warrack, ed. de 1907), transcripción con subpáginas por capítulo.
अधिकार-धारक
Dominio público (obra del siglo XIV). Las ediciones críticas, traducciones y modernizaciones posteriores a 1955 (PIMS, Penn State, Penguin, Oxford, Paulist Press, Trotta…) están sujetas a los derechos de sus editores.
आधिकारिक वेबसाइट
www.julianshrine.org/

पुष्टि की प्रतीक्षा में

जो यह प्रविष्टि अभी तक निश्चित नहीं कर सकी है। हम उसे भर देने के बजाय कह देना बेहतर समझते हैं।

  • Confirmar la fecha de muerte de Dundas Harford (n. 1858) para liberar su edición del Texto breve (1911) en la sala de lectura; hasta entonces queda con caution.
  • Comprobar la calidad del OCR de la reimpresión de 1843 de la edición de Cressy en Internet Archive.
  • Localizar el traductor de la edición española de Trotta (Libro de visiones y revelaciones, 2002; ISBN 9788481645590), que Open Library no registra, y buscar otras ediciones españolas con ISBN (Revelaciones del amor divino).
  • Localizar ISBN de ediciones francesa, alemana e italiana: Open Library no devuelve registros fiables.
  • Verificar si el manuscrito de París (BnF, Fonds anglais 40) y los Sloane 2499 y 3705 están digitalizados (Gallica; British Library Digitised Manuscripts, afectado por la caída del servicio de la BL desde 2023).
  • Fijar con Colledge–Walsh y con Tanner (1984) las cuantías y fechas exactas de cada legado testamentario (Reed 1394, Emund 1404, Plumpton 1415, Ufford 1416).
  • No hay traducción española de dominio público conocida; la sala de lectura queda solo en inglés.
  • Programas de afiliación: ninguno verificado.

2026-10-25 को शोधित