17

17. Gautama II, 8. 'Three times a day/ i. e. morning, noon, and evening. Krz'sh#apa«</ita thinks that he shall perform three ablutions at midday.

VIII. 1. Vishmi XXIV, 9; Gautama IV, 1-2. Regarding the bath at the end of the studentship, see Vishnu XXVIII, 42, and Professor Jolly's note.

3. Vishmi LIX, 1, and Professor Jolly's note. The fire intended is the grzhya or smarta, the sacred household fire, which according to this Sutra must be kindled on the occasion of the marriage cere- mony, while other Smn'tis permit of its being lighted on the division of the paternal estate.

4. Let him not turn away a guest who comes in the evening.

5. (A guest) shall not dwell in his house without receiving food.

6. If a Brahma^a who has come for shelter to the house of a (householder) receives no food, on departure he will take with him all the spiritual merit of that (churlish host).

7. But a Brahma/za who stays for one night only is called a guest. For (the etymological import of the word) atithi (a guest) is ' he who stays for a short while only.'

8. A Brahma^a who lives in the same village (with his host) and a visitor on business or pleasure (are) not (called guests. But a guest), whether he arrives at the moment (of dinner) or at an inop- portune time, must not stay in the house of a (householder) without receiving food.

9. (A householder) who has faith, is free from covetousness, and (possesses wealth) sufficient for (performing) the Agnyadheya-sacrifice, must become an Agnihotrin.

10. He (who possesses wealth) sufficient for (the expenses of) a Soma-sacrifice shall not abstain from offering it.

4. Vishmi LXVII, 28-29. 5- Vishmi LXVII, 30.

7.. Identical with Vishmi LXVII, 34; Manu III, 102.

9. Vishmi LIX, 2. The Agnihotra which is here intended is, of course, the -SVauta Agnihotra, to be performed with three fires. The Agnyadheya is one of the Havirya^was with which the »Srautagni- hotrin has to begin his rites.

ii. (A householder) shall be industrious in reciting the Veda, offering sacrifices, begetting children, and (performing his other duties).

12. Let him honour visitors (who come) to his house by rising to meet them, by (offering them) seats, by speaking to them kindly and extolling their virtues,

13. And all creatures by (giving them) food ac- cording to his ability.

14. A householder alone performs sacrifices, a householder alone performs austerities, and (there- fore) the order of householders is the most distin- guished among the four.

15. As all rivers, both great and small, find a resting-place in the ocean, even so men of all orders find protection with householders.

16. As all creatures exist through the protection afforded by their mothers, even so all mendicants sub- sist through the protection afforded by householders.

1 7. A Brahma/za who always carries water (in his gourd), who always wears the sacred thread, who daily recites the Veda, who avoids the food of outcasts, who approaches (his wife) in the proper season, and offers sacrifices in accordance with the

11. I agree with Kn'shwaparaaTita that the word 'and' used in this enumeration serves the purpose of calling to mind that there are other minor duties. The three named specially are the so- called 'three debts;' see below, XI, 48.

17. 'Who always carries water (in his gourd)' (nityodaki) may also be translated, 'who always keeps water (in his house);' see Apastamba II, 1, 1, 15. 'Who always wears the sacred thread'

rules (of the Veda, after death) never falls from Brahman's heaven.

i. A hermit shall wear (his hair in) braids, and dress (in garments made of) bark and skins;

4. He shall gather wild growing roots and fruit (only).

7. He shall honour guests coming to his hermi- tage with alms (consisting of) roots and fruit.

8. He shall only give, not receive (presents).

9. He shall bathe at morn, noon, and eve.

10. Kindling a fire according to the (rule of the) KSrama^aka (Sutra), he shall offer the Agnihotra.

1 1. After (living in this manner during) six months,

may also mean ' who always wears his upper in the manner re- quired at a sacrifice/ i. e. passes it over the left and under the right arm.

IX. 1. Vishmi XCIV, 8-9; Gautama III, 34. Knsrmapawdita takes /fcira, ' bark,' to mean ' (made of) grass/ e. g. of Murcgu or Balva^a.

2. Gautama III, 33. The particle 'and' probably indicates that the hermit is not to enter any other inhabited place.

3. Gautama III, 32. 4. Vishmi XCV, 5. 5., Vishmi XCV, 7. 6. ManuVI, 8.

10. Gautama III, 27. Knsh;*apa#dita and MSS. B. F. read jravawakena, and the rest avarrcakena. I read jrama/zakena, ' ac- cording to the rule of the -Sramawaka Sutra/ in accordance with Gautama's text. Baudhayana, too, uses the same word.

he shall dwell at the root of a tree, keeping no fire and having no house.

12. He (who in this manner) gives (their due) to gods, manes, and men, will attain endless (bliss in) heaven.

1. Let an ascetic depart from his house, giving a promise of safety from injury to all animated beings.

2. Now they quote also (the following verses): 1 That ascetic who wanders about at peace with all creatures, forsooth, has nothing to fear from any living being.'

3. ' But he who becomes an ascetic and does not promise safety from injury to all beings, destroys the born and the unborn; and (so does an ascetic) who accepts presents.'

4. ' Let him discontinue the performance of all religious ceremonies, but let him never discontinue the recitation of the Veda. By neglecting the Veda he becomes a »Sudra; therefore he shall not neglect it.'

5. '(To pronounce) the one syllable (Om) is the best (mode of reciting the) Veda, to suppress the breath is the highest (form of) austerity; (to subsist on) alms is better than fasting; compassion is pre- ferable to liberality.'

6. (Let the ascetic) shave (his head); let him have no property and no home.

3. ' The born and the unborn/ i. e. his ancestors who lose heaven, and his descendants who lose their caste.

6. Gautama III, 11, 22. The term parigraha, 'home,' includes the wife, the family, attendants, and a house.

7. Let him beg food at seven houses which he has not selected (beforehand),

8. (At the time) when the smoke (of the kitchen- fire) has ceased and the pestle lies motionless.

10. Or cover his body with a skin or with grass that has been nibbled at by a cow.

12. Let him frequently change his residence,

1 3. (Dwelling) at the extremity of the village, in a temple, or in an empty house, or at the root of a tree.

14. Let him (constantly) seek in his heart the knowledge (of the universal soul).

1 5. (An ascetic) who lives constantly in the forest,

16. Shall not wander about within sight of the village-cattle.

1 7. ' Freedom from future births is certain for him who constantly dwells in the forest, who has subdued his organs of sensation and action, who has renounced all sensual gratification, whose mind is fixed in meditation on the Supreme Spirit, and who is (wholly) indifferent (to pleasure and pain).'