32

32. ' As long as the food continues warm, as long as they eat in silence, as long as the qualities of the food are not declared (by them), so long the manes feast on it.'

^^. ' The qualities of the food must not be de- clared as long as the (Brahma^as who represent the) manes are not satiated. Afterwards when they are satisfied, they may say, M Beautiful is the sacrificial food." '

34. ' But an ascetic who, invited to dine at a sacrifice of the manes or of the gods, rejects meat, shall go to hell for as many years as the slaughtered beast has hairs.'

35. ' Three (things are held to) sanctify a funeral sacrifice, a daughter's son, the midday, and sesamum grains; and they recommend three (other things) for it, purity, freedom from anger and from precipitation.'

36. ' The eighth division of the day, during which the sun's (progress in the heavens) becomes slow, one must know to be midday; what is (then) given to the manes lasts (them) for a very long time.'

37. 'The ancestors of that man who has inter-

32. Identical with Vishmi LXXXII. 20, and Manu III, 237. 34. Manu V, 35. 35. Identical with Manu III, 235.

course with a woman after offering or having dined at a.Sraddha, feed during a month from that (day) on his semen.'

38. ' A child that is born from (intercourse im- mediately) after offering a.Sraddha or partaking of a funeral repast, is unable to acquire sacred learning and becomes short-lived.'

39. ' The father and the grandfather, likewise the great-grandfather, beset a descendant who is born to them, just as birds (fly to) a fig tree;'

40. ' (Saying), " He will offer to us funeral repasts with honey and meat, with vegetables, with milk and with messes made of milk, both in the rainy season and under the constellation Magha^." '

41. ' The ancestors always rejoice at a descendant who lengthens the line, who is zealous in performing funeral sacrifices, and who is rich in (images of the) gods and (virtuous) Brahma^a (guests).'

42. ' The manes consider him to be their (true) descendant who offers (to them) food at Gaya, and (by the virtue of that gift) they grant him (blessings), just as husbandmen (produce grain) on well-ploughed (fields).'

43. He shall offer (a 6raddha) both on the full moon days of the months.5rava/za and Agrahaya^a and on the Anvash^aki.

41. 'Who lengthens the line,' i. e. who himself begets sons. Read instead of nuyantaw pit/Ykarma«i (v. 1. muyantaw and tri- panta^), ' udyata/rc/

43. Srava/za, i. e. July-August; Agrahaya^a, i. e. Margajirsha or November-December. Anvash/akt means the day following the Ash/aka, or eighth day, i. e. the ninth day of the dark halves of Margajirsha, Pausha, Magna, and Phalguna. The form of the word is usually anvash/aka.

44. There is no restriction as to time, if (par- ticularly suitable) materials and (particularly holy) Brahma^as are at hand, or (if the sacrificer is) near (a particularly sacred) place.

45. A Brahma/za must necessarily kindle the three sacred fires.

46. He shall offer (in them) the full and new moon sacrifices, the (half-yearly) Agraya/za Ish/i, the i^aturmasya-sacrifice, the (half-yearly) sacrifices at which animals are slain, and the (annual) Soma- sacrifices.

47. For all this is (particularly) enjoined (in the Veda), and called by way of laudation ' a debt.'

48. For it is declared in the Veda, ' A Brahma^a is born, loaded with three debts,' (and further, 'He owes) sacrifices to the gods, a son to the manes, the study of the Veda to the i?/shis; therefore he is free from debt who has offered sacrifices, who has be- gotten a son, and who has lived as a student (with a teacher).'

49. Let him (ordinarily) initiate a Brahma^a in the eighth (year) after conception,

50. A Kshatriya in the eleventh year after con- ception,

51. A VaLsya in the twelfth year after conception.

52. The staff of a Brahma^a (student may) option- ally (be made) of Palara wood,

47. Manu IV, 257. I read rinasamstutam with MS. E.

48. Taitt. Sawh.VI, 3, 10, 5; -Satapatha-brahmawa I, 7, 2, n. 49-51. Vishmi XXVII, 15-17.

52-54. Vishmi XXVII, 29. Regarding other kinds of sticks, see Gautama I, 22-24.

53. (That) of a Kshatriya optionally of the wood of the Banyan tree,

54. (That) of a VaLrya optionally of Udumbara wood.

55. (The staff) of a Brahma^a shall (be of such a length as to) reach the hair,

57. (That) of a Vai^ya the (tip of the) nose.

58. The girdle of a Brahma/za shall be -made of Mu^a grass,

59. A bowstring (shall be that) of a Kshatriya,

60. (That) of a Vairya shall be made of hempen threads.

61. The upper garment of a Brahma/za (shall be) the skin of a black antelope,

62. (That) of a Kshatriya the skin of a spotted deer,

63. (That) of a VaLsya a cow-skin or the hide of a he-goat.

64. The (lower) garment of a Brahma^a (shall be) white (and) unblemished,

65. (That) of a Kshatriya dyed with madder,

66. (That) of a Vauya dyed with turmeric, or made of (raw) silk;

67. Or (a dress made of) undyed (cotton) cloth may be worn by (students of) all (castes).

68. A Brahma/za shall ask for alms placing (the word) ' Lady ' first,

55-57. Vishmi XXVII, 22. 58-60. Vishmi XXVII, 18.

64-67. Vishmi XXVII, 19; Gautama I, 17-21. 'Unblemished,' i. e. new, without holes and seams.

68-70. Vishmi XXVII, 25. I.e. 'Lady, give alms;' 'Give, 0 lady, alms;' and ' Give alms, lady.'

69. A Kshatriya placing (the word) * Lady ' in the middle,

70. A Vaisya placing (the word) ' Lady ' at the end (of the formula).

7 1. The time (for the initiation) of a Brahma^a has not passed until the completion of the sixteenth year,

72. (For that) of a Kshatriya until the completion of the twenty-second,

73. (For that) of a Vaisya until the completion of the twenty-fourth.

74. After that they become ' men whose Savitri has been neglected.'

75. Let him not initiate such men, nor teach them, nor sacrifice for them; let them not form matrimonial alliances (with such outcasts).

76. A man whose Savitri has not been performed, may undergo the Uddalaka-penance.

yy. Let him subsist during two months on barley- gruel, during one month on milk, during half a month on curds of two-milk whey, during eight days on clarified butter, during six days on alms given without asking, (and) during three days on water, and let him fast for one day and one night.

78. (Or) he may go to bathe (with the priests) at the end of an Asvamedha (horse-sacrifice).

74. Vish/m XXVII, 27. Savitri, literally 'the Rik sacred to Savitr/' (Rig-veda III, 62, 10), means here 'the initiation,' see Gautama I, 12 note.

75. Apastamba I, 1, 1, 28. The plural vivahayeyu^, 'let them (not) form matrimonial alliances/ indicates that orthodox Brah- mawas must neither give their daughters to Patitasavitrikas nor take the daughters of such persons.

1. Now, therefore, the duties of a Snataka (will be explained).

2. Let him not beg from anybody except from a king and a pupil.

3. But let him ask, if pressed by hunger, for some (small gift) only, a cultivated or uncultivated field, a cow, a goat or a sheep, (or) at the last extremity, for gold, grain or food.

4. But the injunction (given by those who know the law) is, 'A Snataka shall not be faint with hunger.'

5. Let him not dwell together with a person whose clothes are foul;

6. (Let him not cohabit) with a woman during her courses,

XII. 1. 'Now' marks the beginning of a new topic. ' There- fore/ i. e. because the duties of a Snataka have to be taught after those of a student.

3. Manu X, 11 3-1 14. 4. Manu IV, 34; Vishmi III, 79.

5. Krzshwapa^ita, whom I have followed in the translation of this Sutra, thinks that it indicates the obligation of wearing clean clothes, see e. g. Vishmi LXXI, 9. It seems to me, however, probable that its real sense is, ' Let him not cohabit with a woman during her courses,' and that the next Sutra has to be read nara^a- svalaya, ■ Nor with one of immature age.'

7. 'An unfit one,' i.e. ' one of low caste' (hina). — Knsh^apaw- <fita. ' Probably a sick wife is meant, Gautama IX, 28.

8. Gautama IX, 53. Krzshwapaw^ita gives besides the above interpretation of the Sutra from Haradatta's Gautamiya Mitakshara, another one, according to which it means, ' Let him not forsake his own family and enter another one (by adoption and so forth).' A third

9. Let him not step over a stretched rope to which a calf (or cow) is tied.

10. Let him not look at the sun when he rises or sets.

11. Let him not void excrements or urine in water,

13. Let him ease himself, after wrapping up his head and covering the ground with grass that is not fit to be used at a sacrifice, and turning towards the north in the day-time, turning towards the south at night, sitting with his face towards the north in the twilight.

14. Now they quote also (the following verses): ' But Snatakas shall always wear a lower garment and an upper one, two sacrificial threads, (shall carry) a staff and a vessel filled with water/

15. ' It is declared, that (a vessel becomes) pure (if cleaned) with water, or with the hand, or with a stick, or with fire. Therefore he shall clean (his) vessel with water and with his (right) hand/

1 6. ' For Manu, the lord of created beings, calls (this mode of cleaning) encircling it with fire/

17. 'He who is perfectly acquainted with (the rules of) purification shall sip water (out of this vessel), after he has relieved the necessities of nature/

18. Let him eat his food facing the east.

explanation is given by Nardyawa on -Sarikhayana Grzhya-sutra IV, 12, 11, who takes it to mean, 'Let him not go from one house to the other/

10. Vishmi LXXI, 17-18. 11-12. Vishmi LXXI, 35.

13. Gautama IX, 37-38, 41-43; Vish/zu LX, 2-3.

14. Vishmi LXXI, 13-15. 18. Vishmi LXVIII, 40.

19. Silently let him swallow the entire mouthful, (introducing it into the mouth) with the four fingers and with the thumb;

20. And let him not make a noise (while eating).

21. Let him approach his wife in the proper season, except on the Parva days.

22. Let him not commit a crime against nature (with her).

23. Now they quote also (the following verse): ' The ancestors of a man who commits an unnatural crime with a wedded wife, feed during that month on his semen. All unnatural intercourse is against the sacred law/

24. It is also declared in the Kanaka, ' (When) the women (asked) Indra, " May even those among us, who are soon to be mothers, (be allowed to) cohabit with their husbands," he granted that wish/

27. Let him not blow the fire with his mouth.

28. Let him not pass between a fire and a Brah- ma^a,

30. Nor between two Brahma^as; or (he may do it) after having asked for permission.

31. Let him not dine together with his wife. For it is declared in the Va^asaneyaka, ' His children will be destitute of manly vigour.'

19. Kr/"sh«apa«rfita thinks that this rule refers to the first five mouthfuls only.

21. Vishnu LXIX, 1. The Parva days are the eighth, four- teenth, and fifteenth of each half-month.

25-27. Gautama IX, 32. 28. Apastamba II, 5, 12, 6.

31. Satapatha-brahmawa X, 5, 2, 9; Vishnu LXVIII, 46.

32. Let him not point out (a rainbow calling it) by (its proper) name, ' Indra's bow.'