24

24. Krzshraapawdita thinks that this rule is a concession to those ascetics who are unable to subsist on one meal a day, as Manu VI, 55 prescribes.

27. The text is here probably corrupt. But I follow Krishna- pawdita. Several MSS. read a^aMo, ' he shall not be a rogue,' for a^avo, ' he shall not observe the rules of impurity.*

of deaths (or births); let him not have a house; let him be of concentrated mind.

28. Let him not enjoy any object of sensual gratification.

29. Let him be (utterly) indifferent, avoiding to do injury or to show kindness to any living being.

30. To avoid backbiting, jealousy, pride, self-con- sciousness, unbelief, dishonesty, self-praise, blaming others, deceit, covetousness, delusion, anger, and envy is considered to be the duty of (men of) all orders.

31. A Brahma^a who wears the sacred thread, who holds in his hand a gourd filled with water, who is pure and avoids the food of 6iidras will not fail (to gain) the world of Brahman.

1. Six persons are (particularly) worthy to receive the honey-mixture (madhuparka),

2. (Viz.) an officiating priest, the bridegroom of one's daughter, a king, a paternal uncle, a Snataka, a mater- nal uncle, as well as (others enumerated elsewhere).

3. (A householder) shall offer, both at the morning and the evening (meals, a portion) of the prepared (food) to the Visve Devas in the (sacred) domestic fire.

31. Krz'srmapa^ita believes that this Sutra again refers to ascetics. But that is hardly possible, as ascetics are not allowed to wear a sacrificial thread (see above, Sutra 18). I think that it is meant to emphatically assert that a Brahmawa who is free from the short- comings enumerated in the preceding Sutra, and who follows the rule of conduct, will obtain salvation, whether he passes through the order of Sawnyasins or not.

XL 1-2. Gautama V, 27-30. The persons enumerated else- where are the teacher, the father-in-law, and so forth. Regarding the Snataka, see Apastamba 1, 11, 30, 1-4.

4. Let him give a Bali-offering to the (guardian) deities of the house,

5. (Thereafter) let him give a portion, one Pala in weight, to a.Srotriya or to a student, (and after- wards an offering) to the manes.

6. Next let him feed his guests in due order, the worthiest first,

7. (Thereafter) the maidens, the infants, the aged, the half-grown members of his family, and pradatas,

9. (Outside the house) he shall throw (some food) on the ground for the dogs, AaWalas, outcasts, and crows.

10. He may give to a.Sudra either the fragments (of the meal) or (a portion of) fresh (food).

11. The master of the house and his wife may eat what remains.

5. Vishmi LIX, 14; LXVII, 23, 27. Krzsh«apa«^ita does not take 'agrabhaga' as a technical term, but explains it by 'a first por- tion, sufficient for a dinner, or as much as one is able to spare/

7. Vishmi LXVII, 39. The majority of the MSS. read balavrz'd- dhataru«apradatas [tato]. Knsh^apa^^ita corrects the last word to pradata, while the editor of the Calcutta edition writes prabhri- tims [tato]. Both conjectures are inadmissible. As the same phrase occurs once more, below, XIX, 23 (where Krishnapmdita, writes pradatara^), I think that it is not permissible to change the text. Pradata^ must be the correct reading, and a technical name for a class of female relatives. Etymologically it may mean ' those who have been perfectly cleansed.' But I am unable to trace its precise technical import, and have left it untranslated.

8. Vishmi LXVII, 41. 9. Vishmi LXVII, 26.

10. Gautama V, 25, and note. 'A -Sudra, i.e. one who is his servant.' — Krzsh/zapa/wfta. It is, however, possible, that a visitor of the -Sudra caste is meant; see Apastamba II, 2, 4, 19-20.

12. A fresh meal for which all (the same mate- rials as for the first) are used (may be prepared), if a guest comes after the VaLsvadeva has been offered. For such a (guest) he shall cause to be prepared food (of a) particularly (good quality).

13. For it has been declared in the Veda, 'A Brahma^a guest enters the house resembling the VaLsvanara fire. Through him they obtain rain, and food through rain. Therefore people know that the (hospitable reception of a guest) is a ceremony averting evil/

14. Having fed the (guest), he shall honour him.

15. He shall accompany him to the boundary (of the village) or until he receives permission (to return).

16. Let him present (funeral offerings) to the manes during the dark half of the month (on any day) after the fourth.

17. After issuing an invitation on the day pre- ceding (the.5raddha, he shall feed on that occasion) three ascetics or three virtuous householders, who are ^rotriyas, who are not very aged, who do not follow forbidden occupations, and neither (have been his) pupils, nor are (living as) pupils in his house.

18. He may also feed pupils who are endowed with good qualities.

19. Let him avoid men neglecting their duties,

12. Apastamba II, 3, 6, 16; Gautama V, 32, 33. A guest, i.e. one to whom the definition given above, VIII, 6, 7, applies. I read according to my MSS. puna/^pako instead of puna^pake.

17. VishmiLXXIII,i; LXXXII, 2-4; LXXXIII, 5, 19; Gau- tama XV, 10; Apastamba II, 7, 17, 4.

19. Gautama XV, 16, 18. The explanation of the word nagna,

those afflicted with white leprosy, eunuchs, blind men, those who have black teeth, those who suffer from black leprosy, (and) those who have deformed nails.

20. Now they quote also (the following verses): ' Now, if a (Brahma^a) versed in the Vedas is afflicted with bodily (defects) which exclude him from the company, Yama declares him to be irre- proachable. Such (a man) sanctifies the company.'

21. 'At a funeral sacrifice the fragments (of the meal) must not be swept away until the end of the day. For streams of nectar flow (from them, and the manes of) those who have received no libations of water drink (them).'

22. ' But let him not sweep up the fragments (of the meal) before the sun has set. Thence issue rich streams of milk for those who obtain a share with difficulty.'

2 3. ' Manu declares that both the remainder (in the vessels) and the fragments (of the meal) cer- tainly are the portion of those members of the family who died before receiving the sacraments/

24. ■ Let him give the fragments that have fallen on the ground and the portion scattered (on the blades of Kiua grass), which consists of the wipings

' neglecting their duties/ is doubtful. I have followed Kr/sh»a- pattdita, who quotes the Marka«</eya Purawa in support of his view. The word occurs in the same connexion, Visrmu LXXXII, 27, where it is rendered by ' naked/ Possibly it may refer to ascetics who go entirely naked.

20. The Sutra gives an exception to the preceding rule.

21. I read ' skyot&nte hi ' instead of ' j/fyotante vai.'

22. ' Those who receive a share with difficulty/ i. e. the manes of uninitiated children, mentioned in the next verses.

23-24. Vishmi LXXXII, 22; Manu III, 245-246. These rules, however, do not fully agree with the teaching of our Manu-smrz'ti,

and water, as their food, to the manes of those who died without offspring and of those who died young.'