42

42. Likewise the wives of those persons whose feet must be embraced, and the teacher's (wives),

44. Let him say to one acquainted with (the meaning of) a salute, ' I N. N. ho! (salute thee);'

45. But him who does not know it (he shall address with the same formula, omitting his name).

46. When a salute is returned, the last vowel (of the noun standing) in the vocative is produced to the length of three moras, and if it is a diphthong (e or o) changeable according to the Sandhi rules, it becomes ay or av, e. g. bho, bhav.

47. A father who has committed a crime causing loss of caste must be cast off. But a mother does not become an outcast for her son.

48. Now they quote also (the following verses):

39. Apastamba I, 3, 10, 2-4. 40. Vishnu XXXII, 4.

42. The persons intended are, the teacher and so forth. See Apastamba I, 4, 14, 7, note.

45. Apastamba I, 4, 14, 23. Kn'shwapa^^ita combines this Sutra with the preceding.

46. Apastamba I, 2, 5, 18. In returning a salute, the name of the person addressed is pronounced, and if it ends in a, the vowel is made pluta, while e and o are changed to aya and ava, e. g. Hare to Haraya.

47. Gautama XX, 1; XXI, 15; Apastamba I, 10, 28, 9.

* The teacher (a/£arya) is ten times more venerable than a sub- teacher (upadhyaya), the father a hundred times more than the teacher, and the mother a thousand times more than the father.'

49. ' A wife, sons, and pupils who are denied by sinful deeds, must first be reproved, and (if they do not amend, then) be cast off. He who forsakes them in any other way, becomes (himself) an outcast.'

50. An officiating priest and a teacher who neglect to teach the recitation of the Veda, or to sacrifice, shall be cast off. If he does not forsake them, he becomes an outcast.

51. They declare that the male offspring of out- casts are (also) outcasts, but not the females.

52. For a female enters (the family of) a stranger.

53. He may marry such a (female) without a dowry.

54. 'If the teacher's teacher is near, he must be treated like the teacher (himself). The Veda declares that one must behave towards the teacher's son just as towards the teacher.'

55. A Brahma/za shall not accept (as gifts) weapons, poison, and spirituous liquor.

56. Learning, wealth, age, relationship, and occupa- tion must be honoured.

57. (But) each earlier named (quality) is more venerable than (the succeeding ones).

58. If he meets aged men, infants, sick men, load- carriers, women, and persons riding in chariots, he

49. Apastamba I, 2, 8, 29-30. 50. Gautama XXI, 12.

54. Vishmi XXVIII, 29, 31. ' 56. Vishmi XXXII, 16. 58-59. Vishmi LXIII, 51.

must make way (for them, i.e.) for each later (named before those enumerated earlier).

59. If a king and a Snataka meet, the king must make (way) for the Snataka.

60. All (must make way) for a bride who is being conveyed (to her husband's house).

6 1. Grass, room (for resting), fire, water, a welcome, and kind words never fail in the houses of good men.

1. Now, therefore, we will declare what may be eaten and what may not be eaten.

2. Food given by a physician, a hunter, a woman of bad character, a mace-bearer, a thief, an AbhLrasta, a eunuch, (or) an outcast must not be eaten,

3. (Nor that given) by a miser, one who has per- formed the initiatory ceremony of a 6rauta-sacrifice, a prisoner, a sick person, a seller of the Soma-plant, a carpenter, a washerman, a dealer in spirituous liquor, a spy, a usurer, (or) a cobbler,

5. Nor (that given) by one who lives by his weapons,

6. Nor (that given) by the (kept) paramour of a

61. Apastamba II, 2, 4, 14; Gautama V, 35-36.

XIV. 2. Vishmi LI, 7, 10-11. Dam/ika, 'a mace-bearer/ may mean ' a police officer ' or ' a messenger.' I read with MSS. Bh. and F. sham2%a, * a eunuch,' instead of jaMa, ' a rogue,' the reading of the other MSS. and of Kr/sh»apa»</ita.

3. Vishmi LI, 8-9, 12, 19; Gautama XVII, 17. I write su^aka, 1 a spy/ instead of sMika, ' a tailor,' according to the other Smr/tis, e. g. Vishmi LI, 12; Apastamba I, 6, 18, 30

4. Apastamba I, 6, 18, 13. 5. Apastamba I, 6, 18, 19.

6. Vishmi LI, 16; Gautama XVII, 18. I read with the majority

married woman, or by a husband who allows a paramour (to his wife),

8. Nor (that given) by (a ruler) who does not slay those worthy of capital punishment,

9. Nor (food) offered publicly with these words, 1 Who is willing to eat?'

10. Nor food given by a multitude of givers, or by harlots, and so forth.

11. Now they quote also (the following verse): 1 The gods do not eat (the offerings) of a man who keeps dogs, nor of him whose (only) wife is of the •Sudra caste, nor of him who lives in subjection to his wife, nor of (a husband) who (permits) a paramour (of his wife to reside) in his house.'

12. He may accept (the following presents even) from such (people, viz.) firewood, water, fodder, Kusa grass, parched grain, (food) given without asking, a vehicle, (shelter in) the house, small fish, millet, a garland, perfumes, honey, and meat.

13. Now they quote also (the following verse): ' For the sake of a Guru, when he desires to save his wife (and family from starvation), when he wishes to honour the gods or guests, he may accept (presents) from anybody; but let him not satisfy his (own hunger) with such (gifts).'

of the MSS. ya^opapati/ra [patti/rc F.] manyate, instead of B.'s and Krz'shflapaTz^ita's ya^opari manyate.

10. Vishmi LI, 7. 'And so forth (iti), i.e. by cruel men and the like.' — Krzshwapaw^ita.

14. Food given by a hunter who uses the bow must not be rejected.

15. For it is declared in the Veda, ' At a sacrificial session (sattra), which lasted one thousand years, Agastya went out to hunt. He had sacrificial cakes prepared with the meat of beasts and fowls good (to eat).'

16. With reference to this (subject) they quote also some verses proclaimed by Pra^apati, ' Pra^a- pati (the Lord of created beings) has declared that food freely offered and brought (by the giver himself) may be eaten, though (the giver) be a sinful man, pro- vided the gift has not been asked for beforehand.'

1 7. ' Food offered by a man who has faith must certainly be eaten, even though (the giver) be a thief, but not that given by (a Brahma/za) who sacri- fices for many and who initiates many.'

1 8. ' The manes do not eat during fifteen years (the food) of that man who disdains a (freely offered gift), nor does the fire carry his offerings (to the gods).'

19. ' But alms, though offered without asking, must not be accepted from a physician, from a hunter, from a surgeon or a (very) wicked man, from a eunuch, and from a faithless wife.'

20. Fragments of food left by other persons than the teacher must not be eaten,

21. Nor remnants of one's own (meal) and food touched by leavings,

15. Manu V, 22-23. I connect vi^Myate with this Sutra, instead of with the preceding one, as Knsh;zapa«</ita does.

16. Vishmi LVII, 11; Manu IV, 248; Apastamba I, 6, 19, 14.

18. Vishwu LVII, 12; Manu IV, 249 j Apastamba I, 6, 19, 14.

19. Apastamba I, 6, 19, 15. 20. Vishmi XXVIII, n.

22. Nor (food) defiled by contact with a garment, hair, or insects.

23. But at pleasure he may use (such food) after taking out the hair and the insects, sprinkling it with water, dropping ashes on it, and (after it has been declared) fit for use by the word (of a Brahma^a).

24. With reference to this (subject) they quote also some verses proclaimed by Pra^apati, ' The gods created for Brahma^as three means of purifying (defiled substances), viz. ignorance (of defilement), sprinkling (them) with water, and commending (them) by word of mouth.'

25. \ Let him not throw away that food which, at a procession with images of the gods, at weddings, and at sacrifices, is touched by crows or dogs.'

26. 'After the (defiled) portion has been removed, the remainder shall be purified, liquids by straining them, but solid food by sprinkling it with water.'

2 7. ' What has been touched by the mouth of a cat is even pure.'

28. (Cooked food which has become) stale (by being kept), what is naturally bad, what has been placed once only in the dish, what has been cooked more than once, raw (food), and (food) insufficiently cooked (must not be eaten).

29. But at pleasure he may use (such food) after pouring over it sour milk or clarified butter.

22. Apastamba I, 5, 16, 28; Gautama XVII, 9.

26. Vishnu XXIII, 30. Krz'shTzapaTwTita thinks that plavanena, 1 by straining them (through a cloth),' may also mean ' by heating them on the fire/

30. With reference to this (subject) they quote also some verses proclaimed by Pra^apati, 'A Brah- ma^a shall not eat clarified butter or oil which drips from the nails (of the giver). Yama has declared such (food to be) impure; (to eat it is as sinful) as to partake of cow's flesh.'

31. 'But fatty substances, salt, and condiments proffered with the hand do not benefit the giver, and he who partakes of them will eat sin.'

32. ' Let him give, therefore, such substances placed on a leaf or on grass, but never with his hands or in an iron vessel.'

33. For eating garlic, onions, mushrooms, turnips,.Sleshmantaka, exudations from trees, the red sap flow- ing from incisions (in trees or plants), food pecked at by crows or worried by dogs, or the leavings of a.Sudra, an Atikrt^Ara. (penance must be performed).

34. (Let him not drink) the milk of a cow that is in heat, nor of one whose calf has died,

35. Nor that which cows, buffalo-cows, and goats give during the first ten days (after giving birth to young ones),

36. Nor water collected at the bottom of a boat.

3 J. Let him avoid wheat-cakes, (fried) grain, porridge, barley-meal, pulse -cakes, oil, rice boiled in milk, and vegetables that have turned sour (by standing),

33. Vish/zu LI, 34, 36; Gautama XVII, 32-33. Regarding the At'ikrikkkra. penance, see below, XXIV, 1.

34. Vishnu LI, 40. For other explanations of the term san- dhini, ' a cow that is in heat,' see Apastamba I, 5, 17, 23; Vishmi LI, 40.

35. Vishmi LI, 39. The Sutra implies that the milk of other animals must not be drunk under any circumstances.

38. Likewise other kinds of (sour) food prepared with milk and barley-flour.

39. Among five-toed animals, the porcupine, the hedgehog, the hare, the tortoise, and the iguana may be eaten,

40. Among (domestic) animals those having teeth in one jaw only, excepting camels.

41. And among fishes, the long-nosed crocodile, the Gavaya, the porpoise, the alligator, and the crab (must not be eaten),

42. Nor those which are misshaped or have heads like snakes,